MMR
Indications: Vaccination provides protection against measles, mumps and rubella infections.
Vaccination: It is given to children as injection at 13 months of age followed up with a second vaccination for children of school age. If vaccination was done before 1980 a revaccination is recommended before travelling.
Protection: After revaccination protection is lifelong.
Side effects include:
Local tenderness at the injection site Mild fever Occasionally, convulsions.
MMR Vaccination Resource: Oral vaccines for preventing cholera . Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM.Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2011 Mar 16;(3):CD008603. ReviewAntigen-specific memory B-cell responses in Bangladeshi adults after one- or two-dose oral killed cholera vaccination and comparison with responses in patients with naturally acquired cholera . Alam MM, Riyadh MA, Fatema K, Rahman MA, Akhtar N, Ahmed T, Chowdhury MI, Chowdhury F, Calderwood SB, Harris JB, Ryan ET, Qadri F.Clin Vaccine Immunol . 2011 May;18(5):844-50. Epub 2011 Feb 23"A wild and wondrous ride": CDC field epidemiologists in the east Pakistan smallpox and cholera epidemics of 1958. Greenough P.Cien Saude Colet . 2011 Feb;16(2):491-500Pick sanitation over vaccination in Haiti. Wampler P.Nature . 2011 Feb 10;470(7333):175. No abstract available.Classical swine fever (hog cholera ): review of aspects relevant to control. Penrith ML, Vosloo W, Mather C.Transbound Emerg Dis . 2011 Jun;58(3):187-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01205.x. Epub 2011 Feb 9. ReviewUse of oral cholera vaccines in an outbreak in Vietnam: a case control study. Anh DD, Lopez AL, Thiem VD, Grahek SL, Duong TN, Park JK, Kwon HJ, Favorov M, Hien NT, Clemens JD.PLoS Negl Trop Dis . 2011 Jan 25;5(1):e1006The case for reactive mass oral cholera vaccinations. Reyburn R, Deen JL, Grais RF, Bhattacharya SK, Sur D, Lopez AL, Jiddawi MS, Clemens JD, von Seidlein L.PLoS Negl Trop Dis . 2011 Jan 25;5(1):e952Control and Eradication. Miller M, Barrett S, Henderson DA. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, editors. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edition. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2006. Chapter 62.Cholera vaccine plan splits experts. Cyranoski D.Nature . 2011 Jan 20;469(7330):273-4. No abstract available.Evaluation of a probiotics, Bifidobacterium breve BBG-01, for enhancement of immunogenicity of an oral inactivated cholera vaccine and safety: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Bangladeshi children under 5 years of age. Matsuda F, Chowdhury MI, Saha A, Asahara T, Nomoto K, Tarique AA, Ahmed T, Nishibuchi M, Cravioto A, Qadri F.Vaccine . 2011 Feb 24;29(10):1855-8. Epub 2011 Jan 12. Erratum in: Vaccine. 2011 Aug 11;29(35):6068.Experts urge vaccination to try to control cholera outbreak in Haiti. Zarocostas J.BMJ . 2011 Jan 5;342:d23. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d23. No abstract available.Vibrio cholerae: lessons for mucosal vaccine design. Bishop AL, Camilli A.Expert Rev Vaccines . 2011 Jan;10(1):79-94. ReviewCholera toxin impairs the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells, inducing professional antigen-presenting myeloid cells. Veglia F, Sciaraffia E, Riccomi A, Pinto D, Negri DR, De Magistris MT, Vendetti S.Infect Immun . 2011 Mar;79(3):1300-10. Epub 2010 Dec 13Immune responses to the oral administration of recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing multi-epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus and a cholera toxin B subunit. Hu B, Li C, Lu H, Zhu Z, Du S, Ye M, Tan L, Ren D, Han J, Kan S, Wang J, Jin N.J Virol Methods . 2011 Jan;171(1):272-9. Epub 2010 Dec 1Social and cultural features of cholera and shigellosis in peri-urban and rural communities of Zanzibar. Schaetti C, Khatib AM, Ali SM, Hutubessy R, Chaignat CL, Weiss MG.BMC Infect Dis . 2010 Nov 26;10:339Community participation in two vaccination trials in slums of Kolkata, India: a multi-level analysis. Ali M, Sur D, Lopez AL, Kanungo S, Ochiai RL, Manna B, Kim DR, Deen J, Bhattacharya SK, Clemens JD.J Health Popul Nutr . 2010 Oct;28(5):450-7Factors limiting the health of semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh. Hoque MA, Skerratt LF, Cook AJ, Khan SA, Grace D, Alam MR, Vidal-Diez A, Debnath NC.Trop Anim Health Prod . 2011 Feb;43(2):441-50. Epub 2010 Oct 9Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral vaccines in developing countries: lessons from a live cholera vaccine. Levine MM.BMC Biol . 2010 Oct 4;8:129. ReviewEnhancement of the protective efficacy of a Chlamydia trachomatis recombinant vaccine by combining systemic and mucosal routes for immunization. Ralli-Jain P, Tifrea D, Cheng C, Pal S, de la Maza LM.Vaccine . 2010 Nov 10;28(48):7659-66. Epub 2010 Sep 25Public health. No vaccines in the time of cholera . Enserink M.Science . 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1462-3. No abstract available.First
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