Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral disease, which is spread by the bite of a mosquito. The geographical distribution of yellow fever is confined to Equatorial Africa and South America. Strangely yellow fever is unknown in Asia despite the presence of mosquitoes capable of spreading the virus.

Nevertheless in general, all travellers going to an endemic area require a yellow fever vaccination certificate and travellers going to some parts of Asia from an endemic region will also require a certificate.Please refr to list of countries.

Manifestation: The disease can have three different presentations:

1. Subclinical, without any symptoms.

2. Flu-like disease with:

• Fever
• Muscle pain
• Head-ache
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Recovery

3. Severe fever with death in a few days with kidney failure, liver failure and haemorrhage.

Diagnose and treatment: No curative treatment is available. Overall about 5% of patients die. Those who recover do so completely and are immune thereafter.

Vaccination: Vaccine against yellow fever is available and effective. This vaccine is recommended before travelling to several countries.

Prevent yellow fever by:

• Vaccination
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in well screened areas
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in air-conditioned areas.
• Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing
• Bring aerosol insecticides to use indoors
• Use bednets

Yellow Fever Resource:

[Spread and control of parasitic diseases in the Republic of the Sudan].
Kulagin IuI.
Med Parazitol (Mosk). 1978 May-Jun;47(3):91-6. Russian. No abstract available.
Veterinary medicine and comparative medicine in international health. Opportunities for improving human health and welfare in tropical countries.
Bailey WS.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978 May;27(3):441-65. Review. No abstract available.
An extravascular site of development of Trypanosoma congolense.
Luckins AG, Gray AR.
Nature. 1978 Apr 13;272(5654):613-4. No abstract available.
Trypanosoma brucei: renal pathology in rabbits.
Facer CA, Molland EA, Gray AB, Jenkins GC.
Exp Parasitol. 1978 Apr;44(2):249-61. No abstract available.
Trypanosoma brucei: influence of host strain and parasite antigenic type on infections in mice.
Clayton CE.
Exp Parasitol. 1978 Apr;44(2):202-8. No abstract available.
Acquisition by Trypanosoma brucei brucei of potential infectivity for man by passage through birds.
Joshua RA, Herbert WJ, White RG.
Lancet. 1978 Apr 1;1(8066):724-5. No abstract available.
[Applications and limitations of immunological techniques in the sero-epidemiological analysis of parasitic risk (author's transl)].
Ambroise-Thomas P.
Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 1978 Mar 15;25(5-6):521-30. French.
[Changes in the protein composition of blood serum in experimental trypanosomiasis of rabbits according to the immunoelectrophoretic data].
Kuzovkov AG, Nikitin AF, Badikov VD.
Med Parazitol (Mosk). 1978 Mar-Apr;47(2):90-3. Russian. No abstract available.
The present status of human trypanosomiasis in Kainji lake area of Nigeria.
Adekolu-John EO, Oyewole SA, Abolarin WO.
Niger Med J. 1978 Mar-Apr;8(2):83-91. No abstract available.
Mechanisms of the anemia in trypanosomiasis: studies on the role of the hemolytic fatty acids derived from Trypanosoma congolense.
Tizard IR, Holmes WL, Nielsen K.
Tropenmed Parasitol. 1978 Mar;29(1):108-14
Lymphocyte function in experimental African trypanosomiasis. I. B cell responses to helper T cell-independent and -dependent antigens.
Mansfield JM, Bagasra O.
J Immunol. 1978 Mar;120(3):759-65. No abstract available.
[The center for sleeping sickness in Bouaflé (Ivory Coast). Tranactions of the mission from November 22 to December 2 1976].
Saliou P, Duvallet G, Binz G, Kangha K.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1978 Mar-Apr;71(2):181-8. French. No abstract available.
Quantitative effects of salycylhydroxamic acid and glycerol on Trypanosoma brucei glycolysis in vitro and in vivo.
Brohn FH, Clarkson AB Jr.
Acta Trop. 1978 Mar;35(1):23-33
Isolation and characterization of kinetoplast DNA from bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei.
Fairlamb AH, Weislogel PO, Hoeijmakers JH, Borst P.
J Cell Biol. 1978 Feb;76(2):293-309
Effects of methylglyoxal bis(ganylhydrazone) on trypanosomatid flagellates: inhibition of growth and nucleoside incorporation in Trypanosoma brucei.
Chang KP, Steiger RF, Dave C, Cheng YC.
J Protozool. 1978 Feb;25(1):145-9
Trypanosoma gambiense: immune responses of neonatal rats receiving antibodies from the female.
Takayanagi T, Takayanagi M, Yabu Y, Kato H.
Exp Parasitol. 1978 Feb;44(1):82-91. No abstract available.
Leishmania mexicana and L. tropica: inhibition of growth in mice by concurrent infections of Trypanosoma brucei.
Alexander J, Phillips RS.
Exp Parasitol. 1978 Feb;44(1):136-42. No abstract available.
Immunology and tropical diseases: challenges and opportunities.
Goodman HC.
Ann Immunol (Paris). 1978 Feb-Mar;129(2-3):267-74. Review. No abstract available.
Parasite-bound heterospecific antibody in experimental African trypanosomiasis.
Bogucki MS, Seed JR.
J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1978 Feb;23(2):89-101. No abstract available.
Helicopter application of insecticides for the control of riverine Glossina vectors of African human trypanosomiasis in the moist savannah zones.
Molyneux DH, Baldry DA, De Raadt P, Lee CW, Hamon J.
Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1978;58(3):185-203. No abstract available.
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