Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 12.5 million persons each year.
Salmonella Typhi lives only in humans. People with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. In addition, a small number of persons called carriers, recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria. Both ill persons and carriers shed S. Typhi in their faeces (stool).

Manifestations: Persons with typhoid fever usually have a sustained:

Fever as high as 39?to 40?C (103?to 104?F )
Malaise
Abdominal pains
Headache
Loss of appetite
Rash of flat, rose-colored spots.

Diagnose and treatment: The only way to know for sure if an illness is typhoid fever is to have samples of stool or blood tested for the presence of S. Typhi. Treatment with antibiotics is available.

Vaccine is effective

Prevent typhoid fever by:

Drink canned water
Carbonated water is safer than uncarbonated water
Ask for drinks without ice
Avoid popsicles and flavoured ices that may have been made with contaminated water
Eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked and that are still hot and steaming
Avoid raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled
Vegetables like lettuce are easily contaminated and are very hard to wash well
Eat raw fruit or vegetables that can be peeled, peel them yourself. (Wash your hands with soap first.) Do not eat the peelings
Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors. It is difficult for food to be kept clean on the street, and many travellers get sick from food bought from street vendors

Typhoid Fever Resource:

Sex bias in infectious disease epidemiology: patterns and processes.

PLoS One

Increasing antimicrobial resistance and narrowing therapeutics in typhoidal salmonellae.

J Clin Diagn Res

A Splenic Abscess which was Caused by Salmonella Typhi in a Non Sickler Patient: A Rare Case Finding.

J Clin Diagn Res

The baseline widal titre among the healthy individuals of the hilly areas in the garhwal region of uttarakhand, India.

J Clin Diagn Res

Parallel exploitation of diverse host nutrients enhances salmonella virulence.

PLoS Pathog

Antityphoid vaccination in children.

JAMA

Diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Strains Collected from India Using Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR)-PCR Analysis.

Mol Diagn Ther

Prevalence and Genetic Analysis of Phenotypically Vi- Negative Salmonella Typhi Isolates in Children from Kathmandu, Nepal.

J Trop Pediatr

Lassa fever presenting as acute abdomen: a case series.

Virol J

Head-to-Head Comparison of Humoral Immune Responses to Vi Capsular Polysaccharide and Salmonella Typhi Ty21a Typhoid Vaccines-A Randomized Trial.

PLoS One

Identification of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 Type III Secretion System Effectors Involved in Intramacrophage Replication of S. enterica Serovar Typhimurium: Implications for Rational Vaccine Design.

MBio

Prospects for prevention of Salmonella infection in children through vaccination.

Curr Opin Infect Dis

The application of the grey disaster model to forecast epidemic peaks of typhoid and paratyphoid Fever in china.

PLoS One

Vaccination for typhoid fever in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Hum Vaccin Immunother

President Wilson rises to an emergency.

JAMA

School snacks decrease morbidity in Kenyan schoolchildren: a cluster randomized, controlled feeding intervention trial.

Public Health Nutr

Structure and Biophysics of Type III Secretion in Bacteria.

Biochemistry

Salmonella spp. in patients suffering from enteric fever and food poisoning in Thamar city, Yemen.

East Mediterr Health J

Spatiotemporal transmission and determinants of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Hongta District, Yunnan Province, China.

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever in Iran during Last Five Decades from 1962-2011.

Iran J Public Health

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