Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 12.5 million persons each year.
Salmonella Typhi lives only in humans. People with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. In addition, a small number of persons called carriers, recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria. Both ill persons and carriers shed S. Typhi in their faeces (stool).

Manifestations: Persons with typhoid fever usually have a sustained:

• Fever as high as 39?to 40?C (103?to 104?F )
• Malaise
• Abdominal pains
• Headache
• Loss of appetite
• Rash of flat, rose-colored spots.

Diagnose and treatment: The only way to know for sure if an illness is typhoid fever is to have samples of stool or blood tested for the presence of S. Typhi. Treatment with antibiotics is available.

Vaccine is effective

Prevent typhoid fever by:

• Drink canned water
• Carbonated water is safer than uncarbonated water
• Ask for drinks without ice
• Avoid popsicles and flavoured ices that may have been made with contaminated water
• Eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked and that are still hot and steaming
• Avoid raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled
• Vegetables like lettuce are easily contaminated and are very hard to wash well
• Eat raw fruit or vegetables that can be peeled, peel them yourself. (Wash your hands with soap first.) Do not eat the peelings
• Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors. It is difficult for food to be kept clean on the street, and many travellers get sick from food bought from street vendors

Typhoid Fever Resource:

Nested polymerase chain reaction for early diagnosis of typhoid Fever.
Sultana S, Hossain MA, Alam MA, Paul SK, Mahmud C, Kabir MR, Haque N, Yesmin T, Kayes MT, Maruf AA, Kobayashi N.
Mymensingh Med J. 2012 Jan;21(1):21-7
High-Resolution Genotyping of the Endemic Salmonella Typhi Population during a Vi (Typhoid) Vaccination Trial in Kolkata.
Holt KE, Dutta S, Manna B, Bhattacharya SK, Bhaduri B, Pickard DJ, Ochiai RL, Ali M, Clemens JD, Dougan G.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012 Jan;6(1):e1490. Epub 2012 Jan 31
Typhoid vaccine: A case for inclusion in national program.
Sharma P, Taneja DK.
Indian J Public Health. 2011 Oct-Dec;55(4):267-71
Betel quid use in relation to infectious disease outcomes in Cambodia.
Singh PN, Natto Z, Yel D, Job J, Knutsen S.
Int J Infect Dis. 2012 Jan 30. [Epub ahead of print
Population-based incidence of typhoid Fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in kenya: implications for typhoid vaccine use in Africa.
Breiman RF, Cosmas L, Njuguna H, Audi A, Olack B, Ochieng JB, Wamola N, Bigogo GM, Awiti G, Tabu CW, Burke H, Williamson J, Oundo JO, Mintz ED, Feikin DR.
PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29119. Epub 2012 Jan 19
Etiology of acute, non-malaria, febrile illnesses in jayapura, northeastern papua, indonesia.
Punjabi NH, Taylor WR, Murphy GS, Purwaningsih S, Picarima H, Sisson J, Olson JG, Baso S, Wangsasaputra F, Lesmana M, Oyofo BA, Simanjuntak CH, Subekti D, Corwin AL, Richie TL.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;86(1):46-51
Bilateral Breast Abscesses due to Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhi.
Singh G, Dasgupta M, Gautam V, Behera A, Ray P.
J Glob Infect Dis. 2011 Oct;3(4):402-4
Schools as potential vaccination venue for vaccines outside regular EPI schedule: results from a school census in Pakistan.
Soofi SB, Haq IU, Khan MI, Siddiqui MB, Mirani M, Tahir R, Hussain I, Puri MK, Suhag ZH, Khowaja AR, Lasi AR, Clemens JD, Favorov M, Ochiai RL, Bhutta ZA.
BMC Res Notes. 2012 Jan 6;5:6
[Two travellers suffering from typhus].
Tan L, Beersma TM, van Beek Y, van Genderen PJ.
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2011;155(52):A3845. Dutch.
Evaluation of salivary anti-Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide IgA ELISA for serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in children.
Zaka-Ur-Rab Z, Abqari S, Shahab T, Islam N, Shukla I.
Arch Dis Child. 2012 Jan 3. [Epub ahead of print
Prohibitins are involved in protease-activated receptor 1-mediated platelet aggregation.
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Lee W, Zhang Y.
J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Dec 28. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04607.x. [Epub ahead of print
Salmonella enterica as a vaccine carrier.
Hegazy WA, Hensel M.
Future Microbiol. 2012 Jan;7(1):111-27
In vivo expression of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi genes in the blood of patients with typhoid fever in Bangladesh.
Sheikh A, Charles RC, Sharmeen N, Rollins SM, Harris JB, Bhuiyan MS, Arifuzzaman M, Khanam F, Bukka A, Kalsy A, Porwollik S, Leung DT, Brooks WA, LaRocque RC, Hohmann EL, Cravioto A, Logvinenko T, Calderwood SB, McClelland M, Graham JE, Qadri F, Ryan ET.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Dec;5(12):e1419. Epub 2011 Dec 13
[Spotted typhoid fever in the Iceland of the sagas?].
Holck P.
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2011 Dec 13;131(24):2504-6. Norwegian.
Typhoid fever: "You can't hit what you can't see"
Wangdi T, Winter SE, Bäumler AJ.
Gut Microbes. 2012 Jan 1;3(1). [Epub ahead of print
Risks to Young Volunteers in International Social Projects.
Martin J, Rieke B, Neppach K, Hillebrandt D, Küpper T.
Ann Occup Hyg. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print
Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures.
Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H.
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012 Jan;10(1):95-104
Global TravEpiNet: A National Consortium of Clinics Providing Care to International Travelers--Analysis of Demographic Characteristics, Travel Destinations, and Pretravel Healthcare of High-Risk US International Travelers, 2009-2011.
Larocque RC, Rao SR, Lee J, Ansdell V, Yates JA, Schwartz BS, Knouse M, Cahill J, Hagmann S, Vinetz J, Connor BA, Goad JA, Oladele A, Alvarez S, Stauffer W, Walker P, Kozarsky P, Franco-Paredes C, Dismukes R, Rosen J, Hynes NA, Jacquerioz F, McLellan S, Hale D, Sofarelli T, Schoenfeld D, Marano N, Brunette G, Jentes ES, Yanni E, Sotir MJ, Ryan ET; the Global TravEpiNet Consortium.
Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb;54(4):455-462. Epub 2011 Dec 5
The decline of typhoid and the rise of non-typhoid salmonellae and fungal infections in a changing HIV landscape: bloodstream infection trends over 15 years in southern Vietnam.
Nga TV, Parry CM, Le T, Lan NP, Diep TS, Campbell JI, Hoang NV, Dung le T, Wain J, Dolecek C, Farrar JJ, Chau NV, Hien TT, Day JN, Baker S.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;106(1):26-34
Dynamics of some common epidemics in Karachi, Pakistan.
Rao TA, Siddiqui BA, Shaikh MA, Ahmed M, Shaikh AH, Ahmed F.
J Pak Med Assoc. 2011 Nov;61(11):1072-9
First 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next Last 532/10622 Jump: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532

To top Back to list of diseases • Home

---

Show map | Diseases | Vaccination | Chronic disease | Medicine | Pregnancy | Heat & Sunburn | Cold | Security | Useful tips | Faq | News

TraveldoctorOnline 2001 • Disclaimer • webmaster