Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)
African sleeping sickness, transmitted by the tsetse fly, has been a major impediment to the social and economic development of Central and East Africa. With the use of modern drugs, insecticides, and other control methods, this disease was effectively controlled in most countries by the mid-1960s. In the past 20 years, however, major epidemics have occurred in East and Central Africa, mainly because control programs were disrupted by war
Protozoan hemoflagellates belonging to the complex Trypanosoma brucei is the agent for trypanosomiasis
Manifestations: A trypanosomal chancre can develop on the site of inoculation. This is followed by a haemolymphatic stage with symptoms that include :
Fever Swollen lymph nodes Headaches Somnolence Abnormal behaviour Loss of consciousness Coma. Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is demonstrated by blood test. Specific therapy is not available.
Prevent trypanosomiasis by:
Wear protective clothing, including long-sleeved shirts and pants. The tsetse fly can bite through thin fabrics, so clothing should be made of thick material. Wear khaki or olive coloured clothing. The tsetse fly is attracted to both bright and very dark colours. Use insect repellent. Though insect repellents have not proven effective in preventing tsetse fly bites, they are effective in preventing other insects from biting and causing illness. When sleeping, use bednets. Inspect vehicles for tsetse flies before entering. Don’t ride in the back of jeeps, pickup trucks or other open vehicles. The tsetse fly is attracted to the dust that moving vehicles and wild animals create. Avoid bushes. The tsetse fly is less active during the hottest period of the day. It rests in bushes but may bite if disturbed.
Sleeping sickness Resource: Factors affecting the propensity of tsetse flies to enter houses and attack humans inside: increased risk of sleeping sickness in warmer climates. Vale GA, Hargrove JW, Chamisa A, Hall DR, Mangwiro C, Torr SJ.PLoS Negl Trop Dis . 2013 Apr 25;7(4):e2193. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002193. Print 2013 AprSocio-economic and cultural determinants of human african trypanosomiasis at the kenya - Uganda transboundary. Rutto JJ, Osano O, Thuranira EG, Kurgat RK, Odenyo VA.PLoS Negl Trop Dis . 2013 Apr 25;7(4):e2186. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002186. Print 2013 AprFalse positivity of non-targeted infections in malaria rapid diagnostic tests: the case of human african trypanosomiasis . Gillet P, Mumba Ngoyi D, Lukuka A, Kande V, Atua B, van Griensven J, Muyembe JJ, Jacobs J, Lejon V.PLoS Negl Trop Dis . 2013 Apr 25;7(4):e2180. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002180. Print 2013 AprTrypanosome infection establishment in the tsetse fly gut is influenced by microbiome-regulated host immune barriers. Weiss BL, Wang J, Maltz MA, Wu Y, Aksoy S.PLoS Pathog . 2013 Apr;9(4):e1003318. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003318. Epub 2013 Apr 18A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Group 1 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Haptoglobin-Hemoglobin Receptor Abolishes TLF-1 Binding. Dejesus E, Kieft R, Albright B, Stephens NA, Hajduk SL.PLoS Pathog . 2013 Apr;9(4):e1003317. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003317. Epub 2013 Apr 18Product feedback regulation implicated in translational control of the Trypanosoma brucei S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase regulatory subunit prozyme. Xiao Y, Nguyen S, Kim SH, Volkov OA, Tu BP, Phillips MA.Mol Microbiol . 2013 May 2. doi: 10.1111/mmi.12226. [Epub ahead of printPotent Anti-trypanosomal Activities of Hsp90 Inhibitors in Vitro and in Vivo. Meyer KJ, Shapiro TA.J Infect Dis . 2013 Apr 22. [Epub ahead of printTotal Synthesis, Stereochemical Assignment, and Biological Activity of Chamuvarinin and Structural Analogues. Florence GJ, Morris JC, Murray RG, Vanga RR, Osler JD, Smith TK.Chemistry . 2013 Apr 29. doi: 10.1002/chem.201204527. [Epub ahead of printRapid diagnostic tests for neurological infections in central Africa. Yansouni CP, Bottieau E, Lutumba P, Winkler AS, Lynen L, Büscher P, Jacobs J, Gillet P, Lejon V, Alirol E, Polman K, Utzinger J, Miles MA, Peeling RW, Muyembe JJ, Chappuis F, Boelaert M.Lancet Infect Dis . 2013 Apr 23. doi:pii: S1473-3099(13)70004-5. 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70004-5. [Epub ahead of printBiochemical characterization of highly active Trypanosoma brucei gambiense glycerol kinase, a promising drug target. Balogun EO, Inaoka DK, Shiba T, Kido Y, Nara T, Aoki T, Honma T, Tanaka A, Inoue M, Matsuoka S, Michels PA, Harada S, Kita K.J Biochem . 2013 Apr 25. [Epub ahead of printThe Inhibition of Rhodesain as a Novel Therapeutic Modality for Human African Trypanosomiasis . Ettari R, Tamborini L, Angelo IC, Micale N, Pinto A, De Micheli C, Conti P.J Med Chem . 2013 Apr 23. [Epub ahead of printExpert knowledge sourcing for public health surveillance: National tsetse mapping in Uganda. Berrang-Ford L, Garton K.Soc Sci Med . 2013 Mar 21. doi:pii: S0277-9536(13)00164-0. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.03.011. [Epub ahead of printKinase scaffold repurposing for neglected disease drug discovery: Discovery of an efficacious, lapatanib-derived lead compound for trypanosomiasis . Patel GM, Karver CE, Behera R, Guyett P, Sullenberger C, Edwards P, Roncal N, Mensa-Wilmot K, Pollastri MP.J Med Chem . 2013 Apr 18. [Epub ahead of printInduced Resistance to Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors in Trypanosoma brucei is Due to Overexpression of the Target. Ranade RM, Gillespie JR, Shibata S, Verlinde CL, Fan E, Hol WG, Buckner FS.Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2013 Apr 15. [Epub ahead of printDesigning Novel Inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei. Demir O, Amaro RE.Methods Mol Biol . 2013;993:231-43. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-342-8_15Potential Mechanism of the Anti-trypanosomal Activity of Organoruthenium Complexes with Bioactive Thiosemicarbazones. Demoro B, Rossi M, Caruso F, Liebowitz D, Olea-Azar C, Kemmerling U, Maya JD, Guiset H, Moreno V, Pizzo C, Mahler G, Otero L, Gambino D.Biol Trace Elem Res . 2013 Apr 7. [Epub ahead of printNovel amidines and analogues as promising agents against intracellular parasites: a systematic review. Soeiro MN, Werbovetz K, Boykin DW, Wilson WD, Wang MZ, Hemphill A.Parasitology . 2013 Apr 8:1-23. [Epub ahead of printThe nuclear mRNA export receptor Mex67-Mtr2 of Trypanosoma brucei contains a unique and essential zinc finger motif. Dostalova A, Käser S, Cristodero M, Schimanski B.Mol Microbiol . 2013 Apr 8. doi: 10.1111/mmi.12217. [Epub ahead of printSerum Arginase, a biomarker of treatment efficacy in human African trypanosomiasis . Nzoumbou-Boko R, Dethoua M, Gabriel F, Buguet A, Cespuglio R, Courtois P, Daulouède S, Bouteille B, Ngampo S, Mpandzou G, Semballa S, Vincendeau P.J Clin Microbiol . 2013 Apr 3. [Epub ahead of printSecreted proteases of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: Possible targets for sleeping sickness control? Bossard G, Cuny G, Geiger A.Biofactors . 2013 Mar 29. doi: 10.1002/biof.1100. [Epub ahead of printFirst
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