Tetanus

Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The bacilli are widely distributed in soil and in the intestine and faeces of many animals.

Manifestations: The incubation period varies from 3 to 21 days. Symptoms include:

• Muscle stiffness involving the jaws
• Muscle stiffness involving the neck
• Spasms
• Difficulty swallowing

Diagnose and treatment: There are no laboratory findings characteristic of tetanus. Treatment with immune globulin is available. Vaccine is effective

Prevent tetanus by:

• Vaccination

Tetanus Resource:

The ocular conjunctiva as a mucosal immunization route: a profile of the immune response to the model antigen tetanus toxoid.
Barisani-Asenbauer T, Inic-Kanada A, Belij S, Marinkovic E, Stojicevic I, Montanaro J, Stein E, Bintner N, Stojanovic M.
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 26;8(4):e60682. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060682. Print 2013
Committee opinion no. 558: integrating immunizations into practice.
[No authors listed]
Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Apr;121(4):897-903. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000428788.74725.90
Optimizing the Structure and Contractility of Engineered Skeletal Muscle Thin Films.
Sun Y, Duffy R, Lee A, Feinberg AW.
Acta Biomater. 2013 Apr 27. doi:pii: S1742-7061(13)00217-1. 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.036. [Epub ahead of print
Androgen receptors in muscle fibers induce rapid loss of force but not mass: Implications for spinal bulbar muscular atrophy.
Oki K, Wiseman RW, Marc Breedlove S, Jordan CL.
Muscle Nerve. 2013 Feb 8. doi: 10.1002/mus.23813. [Epub ahead of print
Voluntary rate of torque development is impaired following a voluntary versus tetanic conditioning contraction.
Smith CB, Allen MD, Rice CL.
Muscle Nerve. 2013 Apr 29. doi: 10.1002/mus.23888. [Epub ahead of print
Factors Associated with Vaccination among Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients in Korea.
Yun HS, Min YW, Chang DK, Rhee PL, Kim JJ, Rhee JC, Kim YH.
Korean J Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr 25;61(4):203-8
Evaluation of C-reactive protein as an inflammatory biomarker in rabbits for vaccine nonclinical safety studies.
Destexhe E, Prinsen MK, van Schöll I, Kuper CF, Garçon N, Veenstra S, Segal L.
J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2013 Apr 23. doi:pii: S1056-8719(13)00243-8. 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.04.003. [Epub ahead of print
Liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A: A potent adjuvant system for inducing antibodies to heroin hapten analogs.
Matyas GR, Mayorov AV, Rice KC, Jacobson AE, Cheng K, Iyer MR, Li F, Beck Z, Janda KD, Alving CR.
Vaccine. 2013 Apr 23. doi:pii: S0264-410X(13)00466-0. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.027. [Epub ahead of print
Vaccine coverage of healthcare students in hospitals of the Paris region in 2009: The Studyvax Survey.
Loulergue P, Fonteneau L, Armengaud JB, Momcilovic S, Levy-Brühl D, Launay O, Guthmann JP; For the Studyvax survey group.
Vaccine. 2013 Apr 24. doi:pii: S0264-410X(13)00423-4. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.004. [Epub ahead of print
Pertussis infections and vaccinations in Bolivia, Brazil and Mexico from 1980 to 2009.
McCormick CM, Czachor JS.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2013 Apr 25. doi:pii: S1477-8939(13)00052-5. 10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.04.002. [Epub ahead of print
Immunizatiion history of children with inflammatory bowel disease.
Soon IS, Debruyn JC, Wrobel I.
Can J Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr;27(4):213-6
Self-Adjuvanting Synthetic Antitumor Vaccines from MUC1 Glycopeptides Conjugated to T-Cell Epitopes from Tetanus Toxoid.
Cai H, Chen MS, Sun ZY, Zhao YF, Kunz H, Li YM.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013 Apr 24. doi: 10.1002/anie.201300390. [Epub ahead of print
Teenagers' understandings of and attitudes towards vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases: A qualitative study.
Hilton S, Patterson C, Smith E, Bedford H, Hunt K.
Vaccine. 2013 Apr 18. doi:pii: S0264-410X(13)00462-3. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.023. [Epub ahead of print
The Effectiveness of Contralateral C7 Nerve Root Transfer for the Repair of Avulsed C7 Nerve Root in Total Brachial Plexus Injury: An Experimental Study in Rats.
Lin H, Sheng J, Hou C.
J Reconstr Microsurg. 2013 Apr 18. [Epub ahead of print
Immunotoxicity of perfluorinated alkylates: calculation of benchmark doses based on serum concentrations in children.
Grandjean P, Budtz-Jørgensen E.
Environ Health. 2013 Apr 19;12(1):35. [Epub ahead of print
Current status of registry of vaccine clinical trials conducted by Korean investigators in ClinicalTrials.gov, database of US National Institutes of Health.
Cho J, Kim BB, Bae CW, Cha SH.
Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2013 Jan;2(1):46-52. doi: 10.7774/cevr.2013.2.1.46. Epub 2013 Jan 15
Synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CA1 neurons and learning behavior in transient ischemia-loaded gerbils.
Li J, Sasaki H, Fujiwara H, Kato H, Kaneko K, Yamazaki Y, Fujii S.
Biomed Res. 2013;34(2):75-85
Clinical outcomes of type 2 diabetic patients before and after attending Siriraj Continuity of Care clinic.
Kitpinyochai T, Paisansudhi S, Washirasaksiri C, Srivanichakorn W, Nopmaneejumruslers C, Chouriyagune C, Pandejpong D, Phisalprapa P.
J Med Assoc Thai. 2013 Feb;96 Suppl 2:S82-90
Haemophilus influenzae Type b in an Immunocompetent, Fully Vaccinated ALL Survivor.
Nevin J, Kanter Washko J, Arnold J.
Pediatrics. 2013 May;131(5):e1639-42. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1126. Epub 2013 Apr 15
2012 Brazilian Society of Rheumatology Consensus on vaccination of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Brenol CV, Mota LM, Cruz BA, Pileggi GS, Pereira IA, Rezende LS, Bertolo MB, Freitas MV, Silva NA, Louzada-Junior P, Giorgi RD, Lima RA, Pinheiro GD.
Rev Bras Reumatol. 2013 Feb;53(1):13-23. English, Portuguese.
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