Rabies

Rabies is an acute, fatal encephalomyelitis caused by neurotropic viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus, almost always transmitted by an animal bite that inoculates the virus into wounds.

Rabies is found on all continents, except Antarctica. In certain areas of the world, canine rabies remains highly endemic, including (but not limited to) parts of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Mexico, Nepal, Peru, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The disease is also found in dogs in most of the other countries of Africa, Asia, and Central and South America.

Manifestation: The incubation period may vary from a few days to several years, but is typically 1 to 3 months. The disease progresses from a non-specific prodromal phase to

Paresis or paralysis
Spasms of swallowing muscles
Delirium
Convulsion
Coma
Death

Diagnose and treatment: Virus is demonstrated in saliva, serum, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies of hair follicles at the nape of the neck. There is no treatment for rabies after symptoms of the disease appear. However, two decades ago scientists developed an extremely effective new rabies vaccine regimen that provides immunity to rabies when administered after an exposure. Only 15 % of patients infected will develop rabies. Treatment can also be with purified equine rabies immune globulin (ERIG) has been used effectively in developing countries where human rabies immune globulin (RIG) might not have been available.

Vaccination: rabies vaccine may be recommended for international travellers based on the local incidence of rabies in the country to be visited.

Prevent rabies by:

Vaccination

Rabies Resource:

Rabies shots, the newark boys and the american origins of the modern medical breakthrough.

MD Advis

A strategy to simultaneously eradicate the natural reservoirs of rabies and Ebola virus.

Expert Rev Vaccines

The Global History of Rabies and the Historian's Gaze: An Essay Review.

J Hist Med Allied Sci

Recovery of a patient from clinical rabies - california, 2011.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

[Travellers to South america].

Rev Chilena Infectol

Dynamics of rabies epidemics and the impact of control efforts in Guangdong Province, China.

J Theor Biol

Withdrawn. Tracking the footprints of the rabies virus: are we any closer to decoding this elusive virus?

J Clin Pathol

Large-scale survey of adverse reactions to canine non-rabies combined vaccines in Japan.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol

[Analysis on nucleoprotein gene sequence of 25 rabies virus isolates in Guizhou Province, China].

Bing Du Xue Bao

Rabies in captive deer, pennsylvania, USA, 2007-2010.

Emerg Infect Dis

Serial passage of a street rabies virus in mouse neuroblastoma cells resulted in attenuation: Potential role of the additional N-glycosylation of a viral glycoprotein in the reduced pathogenicity of street rabies virus.

Virus Res

Comparing onrab(r) and raboral v-rg(r) oral rabies vaccine field performance in raccoons and striped skunks, new brunswick, Canada, and maine, USA.

J Wildl Dis

Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic diagnostic test for the detection of rabies from brain material of European mammals.

Biologicals

Molecular epidemiology of livestock rabies viruses isolated in the northeastern Brazilian states of Paraiba and Pernambuco from 2003 - 2009.

BMC Res Notes

Contact with Domestic Dogs Increases Pathogen Exposure in Endangered African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus).

PLoS One

Post-exposure treatment with the live-attenuated rabies virus (RV) vaccine TriGAS triggers the clearance of wild-type RV from the CNS through the rapid induction of genes relevant to adaptive immunity in CNS tissues.

J Virol

Lack of robust LGN label following transneuronal rabies virus injections into macaque area V4.

J Comp Neurol

[Rabies in bats: be alert].

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd

Aggregate travel vs. single trip assessment: Arguments for cumulative risk analysis.

Vaccine

Targeted Delivery of Proteins into the Central Nervous System Mediated by Rabies Virus Glycoprotein-Derived Peptide.

Pharm Res

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