Paragomiasis (Oriental fluke lung disease)

Paragonimiasis is a parasitic infection of human’s Paragonimus trematodes (flukes). The parasite lives in the lungs of the infected human and can cause respiratory illness. In addition, there are also some species that cannot mature in humans. Instead of migrating to the lungs, the immature forms of these parasites migrate through the body causing organ and tissue damage. The species that infects humans most often is Paragonimus westermani.

It has been suggested that 20 million people are infected worldwide. The bestknown species is Paragonimus westermani, which infects millions of people in Asia and Africa.

The eating of raw or insufficiently cooked crustaceans is the most common means of becoming infected with the parasite.

Manifestations: The parasite first enters the intestine after ingestion. It then burrows through the wall of the intestine to enter the body cavity so it can then migrate to the lungs. Symptoms include:

• Acute:
  • Fever
  • Diarrhoea
  • Rash
  • Cough
  • Abdominal pain
• Chronic:
  • Cough
  • Coughing may reveal sputum that contains blood

Diagnose and treatment: Eggs are demonstrated in sputum. Treatment is available.

Prevent paragomiasis (oriental fluke lung disease) by:

• Don’t eat of raw or insufficiently cooked crustaceans.

Oriental lung fluke disease Resource:

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): Early detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.
Kong QM, Lu SH, Tong QB, Lou D, Chen R, Zheng B, Takashi K, Wen LY, Nobuo O, Zhou XN.
Parasit Vectors. 2012 Jan 3;5(1):2. [Epub ahead of print
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: rapid detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in Pomacea canaliculata.
Chen R, Tong Q, Zhang Y, Lou D, Kong Q, Lv S, Zhuo M, Wen L, Lu S.
Parasit Vectors. 2011 Oct 25;4:204
[Survey on the foci of Paragonimus in Youxi, Yongtai and Pinghe Counties of Fujian Province].
Cheng YZ, Li LS, Lin GH, Zhou PC, Jiang DW, Fang YY, Lin CX, Li YR.
Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 2010 Dec 30;28(6):406-10. Chinese.
A paragonimiasis patient with allergic reaction to praziquantel and resistance to triclabendazole: successful treatment after desensitization to praziquantel.
Kyung SY, Cho YK, Kim YJ, Park JW, Jeong SH, Lee JI, Sung YM, Lee SP.
Korean J Parasitol. 2011 Mar;49(1):73-7. Epub 2011 Mar 18
A pulmonary paragonimiasis case mimicking metastatic pulmonary tumor.
Kim KU, Lee K, Park HK, Jeong YJ, Yu HS, Lee MK.
Korean J Parasitol. 2011 Mar;49(1):69-72. Epub 2011 Mar 18
Pleuropulmonary infection by Paragonimus westermani in the United States: a rare cause of Eosinophilic pneumonia after ingestion of live crabs.
Boland JM, Vaszar LT, Jones JL, Mathison BA, Rovzar MA, Colby TV, Leslie KO, Tazelaar HD.
Am J Surg Pathol. 2011 May;35(5):707-13
Pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis with intrathoracic mass.
Mizutani E, Morita R, Hanaoka S, Okochi Y, Tokuda H, Kitamura S.
Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010 Dec;16(6):436-8
[Two new species of freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Potamidae) serving as intermediate hosts of Paragonimus in Fujian, China].
Cheng YZ, Lin GH, Li YS.
Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 2010 Aug;28(4):241-5. Chinese.
Sensitive and rapid detection of Paragonimus westermani infection in humans and animals by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).
Chen MX, Ai L, Zhang RL, Xia JJ, Wang K, Chen SH, Zhang YN, Xu MJ, Li X, Zhu XQ, Chen JX.
Parasitol Res. 2011 May;108(5):1193-8. Epub 2010 Nov 25
Effectiveness of mefloquine against Clonorchis sinensis in rats and Paragonimus westermani in dogs.
Xiao SH, Xue J, Li-li X, Zhang YN, Qiang HQ.
Parasitol Res. 2010 Nov;107(6):1391-7. Epub 2010 Aug 3
Morphological and molecular characterization of Paragonimus westermani in northeastern India.
Devi KR, Narain K, Agatsuma T, Blair D, Nagataki M, Wickramasinghe S, Yatawara L, Mahanta J.
Acta Trop. 2010 Oct;116(1):31-8. Epub 2010 May 21
Paragonimus westermani: identification and characterization of the fasciclin I domain-containing protein.
Song SM, Shin JW, de Guzman JV, Kim J, Yu HS, Jha BK, Kong HH, Hong Y, Chung DI.
Exp Parasitol. 2010 Jun;125(2):76-83. Epub 2010 Jan 4
Large-group infection of boar-hunting dogs with Paragonimus westermani in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, with special reference to a case of sudden death due to bilateral pneumothorax.
Nakano N, Kirino Y, Uchida K, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Nawa Y, Horii Y.
J Vet Med Sci. 2009 May;71(5):657-60
[A cluster of paragonimiasis westermani infections in Thai immigrants].
Takagi Y, Kashiyama T, Sakashita K, Obara T, Nakamoto K, Amano H, Hatakeyama S, Miyamoto M, Murata K, Wada A, Narisawa E, Takamori M, Fujita A.
Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2009 Mar;47(3):249-53. Japanese.
Identification and characterization of a serine protease inhibitor of Paragonimus westermani.
Hwang JH, Lee WG, Na BK, Lee HW, Cho SH, Kim TS.
Parasitol Res. 2009 Feb;104(3):495-501. Epub 2008 Oct 17
The first intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani in Sri Lanka.
Iwagami M, Rajapakse RP, Yatawara L, Kano S, Agatsuma T.
Acta Trop. 2009 Jan;109(1):27-9. Epub 2008 Sep 18
Paragonimiasis: an important food-borne zoonosis in China.
Liu Q, Wei F, Liu W, Yang S, Zhang X.
Trends Parasitol. 2008 Jul;24(7):318-23. Review
[Establishment and application of circulating antigen detection in Paragonimus westermani infection].
Chen SH, Li H, Zhou XN.
Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi. 2007 Dec;25(6):513-5. Chinese.
Identification and characterization of Paragonimus westermani leucine aminopeptidase.
Song SM, Park JH, Kim J, Kim SI, Hong YC, Kong HH, Chung DI.
Parasitol Int. 2008 Sep;57(3):334-41. Epub 2008 Mar 4
Artemether and tribendimidine lack activity in experimental treatment of Paragonimus westermani in the dog.
Xue J, Utzinger J, Zhang YN, Tanner M, Keiser J, Xiao SH.
Parasitol Res. 2008 Feb;102(3):537-40. Epub 2007 Dec 8
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