Murray Valley encephalitis

Murray Valley encephalitis is recognized in parts of Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. The disease is cause by a virus in the Japanese encephalitis (JE) family. The encephalitis is transmitted by bite of infective mosquitoes. Host is principally large water birds.

Manifestations: Acute inflammatory disease of short duration involving brain, spinal cord and meninges characterized by:

• Acute onset
• Headache
• High fever
• Rigidity
• Stupor
• Coma
• Convulsions
• Paralysis
• Up to 60% case fatality rate
• No asymptomatic infections have been recorded.

Diagnose a treatment: Identification of disease in blood test. There is no specific treatment only supportive.

Prevent Murray valley encephalitis by:

• Avoid bite from mosquitoes
• Use insect repellant
• Sleep in aircondition

Murray Valley encephalitis Resource:

A new insect-specific flavivirus from northern Australia suppresses replication of West Nile virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus in co-infected mosquito cells.
Hobson-Peters J, Yam AW, Lu JW, Setoh YX, May FJ, Kurucz N, Walsh S, Prow NA, Davis SS, Weir R, Melville L, Hunt N, Webb RI, Blitvich BJ, Whelan P, Hall RA.
PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56534. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056534. Epub 2013 Feb 27
Descriptive overview of the 2011 epidemic of arboviral disease in horses in Australia.
Roche SE, Wicks R, Garner MG, East IJ, Paskin R, Moloney BJ, Carr M, Kirkland P.
Aust Vet J. 2013 Jan-Feb;91(1-2):5-13. doi: 10.1111/avj.12018. Epub 2012 Dec 19. Review
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Murray Valley encephalitis virus and West Nile virus (Kunjin subtype) from an arbovirus disease outbreak in horses in Victoria, Australia, in 2011.
Mann RA, Fegan M, O'Riley K, Motha J, Warner S.
J Vet Diagn Invest. 2013 Jan;25(1):35-44. doi: 10.1177/1040638712467985
Clinical and radiological predictors of outcome for Murray Valley encephalitis.
Speers DJ, Flexman J, Blyth CC, Rooban N, Raby E, Ramaseshan G, Benson S, Smith DW.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Mar;88(3):481-9. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0379. Epub 2013 Jan 7
A new competitive ELISA detects West Nile virus infection using monoclonal antibodies against the precursor-membrane protein of West Nile virus.
Hirota J, Shimizu S.
J Virol Methods. 2013 Mar;188(1-2):132-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.12.002. Epub 2012 Dec 21
Arboviral diseases and malaria in Australia, 2009-10: Annual report of the National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee.
Wright P, Fitzsimmons GJ, Johansen CA, Whelan PI; National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee.
Commun Dis Intell. 2012 Mar 31;36(1):70-81
Development of monoclonal antibodies to West Nile virus and their application in immunohistochemistry.
Hirota J, Shimizu S, Shibahara T, Isobe T, Yamada M, Tanimura N.
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012 Nov;19(11):1853-8. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00492-12. Epub 2012 Sep 19
Solid-phase synthesis and screening of a library of C-terminal arginine peptide aldehydes against Murray Valley encephalitis virus protease.
Ede NJ, Hill J, Joy JK, Ede AM, Koppens ML.
J Pept Sci. 2012 Nov;18(11):661-8. doi: 10.1002/psc.2450. Epub 2012 Sep 18
Opportunistic serological surveillance for Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Victoria, February-May 2011.
Doyle JS, Nicholson S, Leydon JA, Moran RJ, Catton MG.
Med J Aust. 2012 Aug 6;197(3):150. No abstract available.
Murray Valley encephalomyelitis in a horse.
Holmes JM, Gilkerson JR, El Hage CM, Slocombe RF, Muurlink MA.
Aust Vet J. 2012 Jul;90(7):252-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00949.x
Waterbird movement across the Great Dividing Range and implications for arbovirus irruption into southern Victoria.
Guay PJ, Azuolas J, Warner S.
Aust Vet J. 2012 May;90(5):197-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00908.x
Murray Valley encephalitis: a review of clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.
Knox J, Cowan RU, Doyle JS, Ligtermoet MK, Archer JS, Burrow JN, Tong SY, Currie BJ, Mackenzie JS, Smith DW, Catton M, Moran RJ, Aboltins CA, Richards JS.
Med J Aust. 2012 Mar 19;196(5):322-6. Review
Confirmed case of encephalitis caused by Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection in a horse.
Gordon AN, Marbach CR, Oakey J, Edmunds G, Condon K, Diviney SM, Williams DT, Bingham J.
J Vet Diagn Invest. 2012 Mar;24(2):431-6. doi: 10.1177/1040638711433325
Habitat modification for mosquito control in the Ilparpa Swamp, Northern Territory, Australia.
Jacups S, Kurucz N, Whitters R, Whelan P.
J Vector Ecol. 2011 Dec;36(2):292-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00169.x
Flavivirus-induced antibody cross-reactivity.
Mansfield KL, Horton DL, Johnson N, Li L, Barrett AD, Smith DJ, Galbraith SE, Solomon T, Fooks AR.
J Gen Virol. 2011 Dec;92(Pt 12):2821-9. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.031641-0. Epub 2011 Sep 7
Vector competence of New Zealand mosquitoes for selected arboviruses.
Kramer LD, Chin P, Cane RP, Kauffman EB, Mackereth G.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Jul;85(1):182-9. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0078
Determinants of attenuation in the envelope protein of the flavivirus Alfuy.
Prow NA, May FJ, Westlake DJ, Hurrelbrink RJ, Biron RM, Leung JY, McMinn PC, Clark DC, Mackenzie JS, Lobigs M, Khromykh AA, Hall RA.
J Gen Virol. 2011 Oct;92(Pt 10):2286-96. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.034793-0. Epub 2011 Jul 6
The viruses of Australia and the risk to tourists.
Smith DW, Speers DJ, Mackenzie JS.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2011 May;9(3):113-25. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.05.005. Epub 2010 Jun 11
Microglial response to viral challenges: every silver lining comes with a cloud.
Kaushik DK, Gupta M, Basu A.
Front Biosci. 2011 Jun 1;16:2187-205. Review
Factsheet: Murray Valley encephalitis.
[No authors listed]
N S W Public Health Bull. 2010 May-Jun;21(5-6):148-9. No abstract available.
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