Murray Valley encephalitis

Murray Valley encephalitis is recognized in parts of Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. The disease is cause by a virus in the Japanese encephalitis (JE) family. The encephalitis is transmitted by bite of infective mosquitoes. Host is principally large water birds.

Manifestations: Acute inflammatory disease of short duration involving brain, spinal cord and meninges characterized by:

• Acute onset
• Headache
• High fever
• Rigidity
• Stupor
• Coma
• Convulsions
• Paralysis
• Up to 60% case fatality rate
• No asymptomatic infections have been recorded.

Diagnose a treatment: Identification of disease in blood test. There is no specific treatment only supportive.

Prevent Murray valley encephalitis by:

• Avoid bite from mosquitoes
• Use insect repellant
• Sleep in aircondition

Murray Valley encephalitis Resource:

Waterbird movement across the Great Dividing Range and implications for arbovirus irruption into southern Victoria.
Guay PJ, Azuolas J, Warner S.
Aust Vet J. 2012 May;90(5):197-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00908.x
Murray Valley encephalitis: a review of clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.
Knox J, Cowan RU, Doyle JS, Ligtermoet MK, Archer JS, Burrow JN, Tong SY, Currie BJ, Mackenzie JS, Smith DW, Catton M, Moran RJ, Aboltins CA, Richards JS.
Med J Aust. 2012 Mar 19;196(5):322-6
Confirmed case of encephalitis caused by Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection in a horse.
Gordon AN, Marbach CR, Oakey J, Edmunds G, Condon K, Diviney SM, Williams DT, Bingham J.
J Vet Diagn Invest. 2012 Mar;24(2):431-6
Habitat modification for mosquito control in the Ilparpa Swamp, Northern Territory, Australia.
Jacups S, Kurucz N, Whitters R, Whelan P.
J Vector Ecol. 2011 Dec;36(2):292-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00169.x
Flavivirus-induced antibody cross-reactivity.
Mansfield KL, Horton DL, Johnson N, Li L, Barrett AD, Smith DJ, Galbraith SE, Solomon T, Fooks AR.
J Gen Virol. 2011 Dec;92(Pt 12):2821-9. Epub 2011 Sep 7
Vector competence of New Zealand mosquitoes for selected arboviruses.
Kramer LD, Chin P, Cane RP, Kauffman EB, Mackereth G.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Jul;85(1):182-9
Determinants of attenuation in the envelope protein of the flavivirus Alfuy.
Prow NA, May FJ, Westlake DJ, Hurrelbrink RJ, Biron RM, Leung JY, McMinn PC, Clark DC, Mackenzie JS, Lobigs M, Khromykh AA, Hall RA.
J Gen Virol. 2011 Oct;92(Pt 10):2286-96. Epub 2011 Jul 6
The viruses of Australia and the risk to tourists.
Smith DW, Speers DJ, Mackenzie JS.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2011 May;9(3):113-25. Epub 2010 Jun 11
Microglial response to viral challenges: every silver lining comes with a cloud.
Kaushik DK, Gupta M, Basu A.
Front Biosci. 2011 Jun 1;17:2187-205. Review
Factsheet: Murray Valley encephalitis.
[No authors listed]
N S W Public Health Bull. 2010 May-Jun;21(5-6):148-9. No abstract available.
Application of satellite precipitation data to analyse and model arbovirus activity in the tropics.
Schuster G, Ebert EE, Stevenson MA, Corner RJ, Johansen CA.
Int J Health Geogr. 2011 Jan 22;10:8
Emerging tropical diseases in Australia. Part 4. Mosquitoborne diseases.
van den Hurk AF, Craig SB, Tulsiani SM, Jansen CC.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010 Dec;104(8):623-40. Review
Toponymous diseases of Australia.
Appuhamy RD, Tent J, Mackenzie JS.
Med J Aust. 2010 Dec 6-20;193(11-12):642-6
Arboviral diseases and malaria in Australia, 2008-09: annual report of the National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee.
Fitzsimmons GJ, Wright P, Johansen CA, Whelan PI; National Arbovirus and Malaria Advisory Committee.
Commun Dis Intell. 2010 Sep;34(3):225-40
Development and evaluation of a formalin-inactivated West Nile Virus vaccine (WN-VAX) for a human vaccine candidate.
Posadas-Herrera G, Inoue S, Fuke I, Muraki Y, Mapua CA, Khan AH, Parquet Mdel C, Manabe S, Tanishita O, Ishikawa T, Natividad FF, Okuno Y, Hasebe F, Morita K.
Vaccine. 2010 Nov 23;28(50):7939-46. Epub 2010 Oct 8
Biochemical characterisation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus proteinase.
Joy J, Mee NF, Kuan WL, Perlyn KZ, Wen TS, Hill J.
FEBS Lett. 2010 Jul 16;584(14):3149-52. Epub 2010 Jun 1
A flavivirus signal peptide balances the catalytic activity of two proteases and thereby facilitates virus morphogenesis.
Lobigs M, Lee E, Ng ML, Pavy M, Lobigs P.
Virology. 2010 May 25;401(1):80-9. Epub 2010 Mar 6
Murray Valley encephalitis virus.
Evans IA, Hueston L, Doggett SL.
N S W Public Health Bull. 2009 Nov-Dec;20(11-12):195-6. No abstract available.
An inactivated Vero cell-grown Japanese encephalitis vaccine formulated with Advax, a novel inulin-based adjuvant, induces protective neutralizing antibody against homologous and heterologous flaviviruses.
Lobigs M, Pavy M, Hall RA, Lobigs P, Cooper P, Komiya T, Toriniwa H, Petrovsky N.
J Gen Virol. 2010 Jun;91(Pt 6):1407-17. Epub 2010 Feb 3
Encephalitis in Australia, 1979-2006: trends and aetiologies.
Huppatz C, Kelly PM, Levi C, Dalton C, Williams D, Durrheim DN.
Commun Dis Intell. 2009 Jun;33(2):192-7
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