Malaria

Malaria is a serious, sometimes fatal, disease caused by a parasite. There are four kinds of malaria that can infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. Humans get malaria from the bite of a malaria-infected mosquito

Malaria occurs in over 100 countries and territories. More than 40% of the people in the world are at risk.

The World Health Organisation estimates that yearly 300 million cases of malaria occur and more than 1 million people die of malaria and most in Africa.

Countries with malaria click here

Manifestations: Symptoms of malaria include

• Fever
• Shaking chills
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Tiredness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Anaemia
• Jaundice (yellow colouring of the skin and eyes)
• Kidney failure
• Seizures
• Mental confusion
• Coma
• Death

Diagnose and treatment: Blood test demonstrates the parasite. Remember that malaria occur several years after transmission. Treatment is available.

Prevent malaria by:

• Use antimalaria drugs
• When outside, wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and socks.
• Tuck your shirt into your pants.
• Apply insect repellent on uncovered skin and under the ends of sleeves and pant legs. Follow the instructions on the label of the repellent. The most effective repellents are those that contain the chemical DEET (N,N-diethylmetatoluamide). The concentration of DEET varies among repellents. Repellents with DEET concentrations of 30-35% are quite effective, and the effect should last about 4 hours. Lower concentrations should be used for children (no more than 10% DEET). Repellents with DEET should be used sparingly on children from 2 to 6 years old and not at all on children less than 2 years old.
• Spray clothing with permethrin-containing insecticides. The insecticide should be reapplied after every five washings.
• Spray living and sleeping areas with an insecticide to kill insects.
• Sleep in an area that is well screened
• Sleep in air-conditioned
• Use a bed net and tuck it under your mattress
• Use a bed net that has been soaked in or sprayed with permethrin. The permethrin will be effective for several months if the bed net is not washed.

Malaria Resource:

Trouble from the tropics: challenges in managing malaria in rhode island.
Dworkin J, Janvier M, Treaba D, Gardner A.
R I Med J (2013). 2013 May 1;96(5):40-2
Determination of Malaria Epidemiological Status in Iran's Malarious Areas as Baseline Information for Implementation of Malaria Elimination Program in Iran.
Raeisi A, Gouya MM, Nadim A, Ranjbar M, Hasanzehi A, Fallahnezhad M, Sakeni M, Safari R, Saffari M, Mashyekhi M, Ahmadi Kahnali A, Mirkhani V, Almasian E, Faraji L, Paktinat Jalali B, Nikpour F.
Iran J Public Health. 2013 Mar 1;42(3):326-33. Print 2013
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Field Isolates in Central Sudan Inferred by PCR Genotyping of Merozoite Surface Protein 1 and 2.
Hamid MM, Mohammed SB, El Hassan IM.
N Am J Med Sci. 2013 Feb;5(2):95-101. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.107524
Structural Insights into the Theoretical Model of Plasmodium falciparum NADH Dehydrogenase and its Interaction with Artemisinin and Derivatives: Towards Global Health Therapeutics.
Kumar SP, Jasrai YT, Pandya HA, George LB, Patel SK.
OMICS. 2013 May;17(5):231-41. doi: 10.1089/omi.2012.0129
The metabolite chemotype of Nicotiana benthamiana transiently expressing artemisinin biosynthetic pathway genes is a function of CYP71AV1 type and relative gene dosage.
Ting HM, Wang B, Rydén AM, Woittiez L, van Herpen T, Verstappen FW, Ruyter-Spira C, Beekwilder J, Bouwmeester HJ, van der Krol A.
New Phytol. 2013 May 2. doi: 10.1111/nph.12274. [Epub ahead of print
High level of resistance in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to pyrethroid insecticides and reduced susceptibility to bendiocarb in north-western Tanzania.
Protopopoff N, Matowo J, Malima R, Kavishe R, Kaaya R, Wright A, West PA, Kleinschmidt I, Kisinza W, Mosha FW, Rowland M.
Malar J. 2013 May 2;12(1):149. [Epub ahead of print
Cattle and climate in Africa: How climate variability has influenced national cattle holdings from 1961-2008.
Lunde TM, Lindtjørn B.
Peerj. 2013 Mar 19;1:e55. doi: 10.7717/peerj.55. Print 2013
Does haemosporidian infection affect hematological and biochemical profiles of the endangered Black-fronted piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga)?
Motta RO, Romero Marques MV, Ferreira Junior FC, Andery Dde A, Horta RS, Peixoto RB, Lacorte GA, Moreira Pde A, Paes Leme Fde O, Melo MM, Martins NR, Braga EM.
Peerj. 2013 Feb 26;1:e45. doi: 10.7717/peerj.45. Print 2013
Ethical dilemmas in malaria vector research in Africa: Making the difficult choice between mosquito, science and humans.
Ndebele P, Musesengwa R.
Malawi Med J. 2012 Sep;24(3):65-8
False positivity of non-targeted infections in malaria rapid diagnostic tests: the case of human african trypanosomiasis.
Gillet P, Mumba Ngoyi D, Lukuka A, Kande V, Atua B, van Griensven J, Muyembe JJ, Jacobs J, Lejon V.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Apr 25;7(4):e2180. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002180. Print 2013 Apr
New Insights into the Population Structure of Anopheles gambiae s.s. in the Gulf of Guinea Islands Revealed by Herves Transposable Elements.
Salgueiro P, Moreno M, Simard F, O'Brochta D, Pinto J.
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 26;8(4):e62964. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062964. Print 2013
Childhood Malaria Admission Rates to Four Hospitals in Malawi between 2000 and 2010.
Okiro EA, Kazembe LN, Kabaria CW, Ligomeka J, Noor AM, Ali D, Snow RW.
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 26;8(4):e62214. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062214. Print 2013
Genetic Hitchhiking under Heterogeneous Spatial Selection Pressures.
Schneider KA, Kim Y.
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 24;8(4):e61742. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061742. Print 2013
A Novel Flow Cytometric Hemozoin Detection Assay for Real-Time Sensitivity Testing of Plasmodium falciparum.
Rebelo M, Sousa C, Shapiro HM, Mota MM, Grobusch MP, Hänscheid T.
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 24;8(4):e61606. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061606. Print 2013
Puf mediates translation repression of transmission-blocking vaccine candidates in malaria parasites.
Miao J, Fan Q, Parker D, Li X, Li J, Cui L.
PLoS Pathog. 2013 Apr;9(4):e1003268. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003268. Epub 2013 Apr 18
Malaria's Missing Number: Calculating the Human Component of R0 by a Within-Host Mechanistic Model of Plasmodium falciparum Infection and Transmission.
Johnston GL, Smith DL, Fidock DA.
PLoS Comput Biol. 2013 Apr;9(4):e1003025. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003025. Epub 2013 Apr 18
Biomarker discovery by sparse canonical correlation analysis of complex clinical phenotypes of tuberculosis and malaria.
Rousu J, Agranoff DD, Sodeinde O, Shawe-Taylor J, Fernandez-Reyes D.
PLoS Comput Biol. 2013 Apr;9(4):e1003018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003018. Epub 2013 Apr 18
Diversity, host switching and evolution of Plasmodium vivax infecting African great apes.
Prugnolle F, Rougeron V, Becquart P, Berry A, Makanga B, Rahola N, Arnathau C, Ngoubangoye B, Menard S, Willaume E, Ayala FJ, Fontenille D, Ollomo B, Durand P, Paupy C, Renaud F.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 May 1. [Epub ahead of print
Measurement of the uniaxial mechanical properties of rat brains infected by Plasmodium berghei ANKA.
Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M, Motevalli Haghi A, Faghihi S.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2013 May;227(5):609-14. doi: 10.1177/0954411913476779. Epub 2013 Apr 4
An innovative shape equation to quantify the morphological characteristics of parasitized red blood cells by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M, Motevalli Haghi A, Faghihi S.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2013 Apr;227(4):428-37. doi: 10.1177/0954411912474611. Epub 2013 Jan 23
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