Lyme Disease

Lyme disease results from infection with spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. In Europe and Asia, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, or B. garinii causes most cases of Lyme disease; however, in the United States, all cases are caused by B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. The spirochetes are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex.

Occurrence: Lyme disease occurs in temperate forested regions of Europe and Asia and in the north-eastern, north central, and Pacific coastal regions of North America. It is not transmitted in the tropics. Manifestations: characteristic expanding rash called erythema chronicum migrans at the site of tick attachment fever arthritis neurologic manifestations, including facial palsy.

Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is based on bloodtest or test of cerebro-spinal fluid. Lyme disease can usually be cured by an appropriate course of antibiotic treatment.

Vaccine: From February 2002 Lyme disease vaccine will no longer be commercially available for prevention in endemic areas of the United States. However, because of the genospecies diversity of the agents that cause Lyme disease in Europe and Asia, the vaccine is not likely to be highly efficacious outside North America.

Avoid Lymes disease by: Avoid tick habitats if possible. Application of repellents to skin Acaricides to clothing Regular daily checks for any attached ticks can reduce the risk of infection. Because transmission of B. burgdorferi is unlikely to occur in the first 36 hours of tick attachment Prompt removal of any attached ticks will help prevent infection.

LymeDisease Resource:

Human Risk of Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Agent, in Eastern United States.

Am J Trop Med Hyg

Lyme disease in a British referral clinic.

QJM

Ultrasonographic evaluation of knee joints in patients with Lyme disease.

Int J Infect Dis

Synchronous phenology of juvenile Ixodes scapularis, vertebrate host relationships, and associated patterns of Borrelia burgdorferi ribotypes in the midwestern United States.

Ticks Tick Borne Dis

Post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome symptomatology and the impact on life functioning: is there something here?

Qual Life Res

Reply to Feder et al.

Clin Infect Dis

Detection of established virulence genes and plasmids to differentiate Borrelia burgdorferi strains.

Infect Immun

Risk of Lyme disease higher than previously thought.

Vet Rec

Sympathetic neural hyperalgesia edema syndrome, a frequent cause of pelvic pain in women, mistaken for Lyme disease with chronic fatigue.

Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol

Emerging incidence of Lyme borreliosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Australia.

Int J Gen Med

Estimating Lyme disease risk using pet dogs as sentinels.

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis

Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Rhesus Macaques following Antibiotic Treatment of Disseminated Infection.

PLoS One

Filament formation associated with spirochetal infection: a comparative approach to Morgellons disease.

Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol

Predicted Outcomes of Vaccinating Wildlife to Reduce Human Risk of Lyme Disease.

Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis

Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery in a parturient with babesiosis and Lyme disease.

Anaesthesia

Lyme Disease as an Underlying Cause of Supraspinatus Tendinopathy in an Overhead Athlete.

Phys Ther

The toll of TLR1 polymorphism in lyme disease: A tale of mice and men.

Arthritis Rheum

A Toll-like receptor 1 polymorphism is associated with heightened T-helper 1 inflammatory responses and antibiotic-refractory lyme arthritis.

Arthritis Rheum

Evaluating frequency, diagnostic quality, and cost of lyme borreliosis testing in Germany: a retrospective model analysis.

Clin Dev Immunol

Changes in the geographical distribution and abundance of the tick Ixodes ricinus during the past 30 years in Sweden.

Parasit Vectors

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