Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease. Bacteria of the genus Leptospira ictero-haemorrhagica cause it. Humans become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from these infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact, especially with mucosal surfaces, such as the eyes or nose, or with broken skin.

Manifestations: In humans it causes a wide range of symptoms, and some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. Symptoms of leptospirosis include:

High fever
Severe headache
Chills
Muscle aches
Vomiting
Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
Red eyes
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea
Rash.

If the disease is not treated, the patient could develop:

Kidney damage
Meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord)
Liver failure
Respiratory distress
In rare cases death

Diagnose and treatment: Leptospirosis is confirmed by laboratory testing of a blood or urine sample. Treatment is available and effective.

Prevent Leptospirosis by:

Do not swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine.
Protective clothing or footwear should be worn by those exposed to contaminated water or soil.

Leptospiros Resource:

Giardiasis as zoonosis: between proof of principle and paradigm in the Northwestern region of São Paulo State, Brazil.

Braz J Infect Dis

Giardia duodenalis: genotypic comparison between a human and a canine isolates.

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop

Giardia lamblia: a major parasitic cause of childhood diarrhoea in patients attending a district hospital in Ghana.

Parasit Vectors

New approaches to the treatment of giardiasis.

Curr Opin Infect Dis

Giardiasis confined to the terminal ileum.

Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol

The superoxide reductase from the early diverging eukaryote Giardia intestinalis.

Free Radic Biol Med

Optical map of the genotype A1 WB C6 Giardia lamblia genome isolate.

Mol Biochem Parasitol

Multilocus genotyping of human Giardia isolates suggests limited zoonotic transmission and association between assemblage B and flatulence in children.

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

Impaired parasite attachment as fitness cost of metronidazole resistance in Giardia lamblia.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

Variation in growth and drug susceptibility among Giardia duodenalis assemblages A, B and E in axenic in vitro culture and in the gerbil model.

Parasitology

What would we do without metronidazole?

Am J Med Sci

Differential effectiveness of berry polyphenols as anti-giardial agents.

Parasitology

Evaluation of a PCR protocol for sensitive detection of Giardia intestinalis in human faeces.

Parasitol Res

Lipid raft-dependent adhesion of Giardia intestinalis trophozoites to a cultured human enterocyte-like Caco-2/TC7 cell monolayer leads to cytoskeleton-dependent functional injuries.

Cell Microbiol

Determining the molecular mechanism of inactivation by chemical modification of triosephosphate isomerase from the human parasite Giardia lamblia: a study for antiparasitic drug design.

Proteins

Molecular evidence for person-to-person transmission of a novel subtype in Giardia duodenalis assemblage B at the rehabilitation institution for developmentally disabled people.

Parasitol Res

Chronic diarrhea and malabsorption due to hypogammaglobulinemia: a report on twelve patients.

Indian J Gastroenterol

Effect of cryptosporidial and giardial diarrhoea on social maturity, intelligence and physical growth in children in a semi-urban slum in south India.

Ann Trop Paediatr

Enteric protozoa and human potential.

Ann Trop Paediatr

Secnidazole for the treatment of giardiasis in naturally infected cats.

Parasitol Int

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