Legionnaires' disease, (LD), Legionellosis
Legionnaires' disease, (LD), is the more severe form of legionellosis and is characterized by pneumonia. The illness is caused by Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella species. L.pneumophila,is an ubiquitous aquatic organism that thrives in warm environments (32- 45C)
It is transmitted by inhalation of contaminated aerosols from devices such as cooling towers, showers, and faucets, and aspiration of contaminated water.
Person-to-person transmission does not occur.
Manifestation : After an incubation period for two to ten days, illness is characterized by:
Fever Chills Cough, which may be dry or may produce sputum. Muscle aches Headache Tiredness Loss of appetite Diarrhea occasionally Death occurs in 10%-15% of LD cases Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is bases on blood-tests, urine-tests and x-rays. Treatment with antibiotcs is available. Vaccine: Not available.
Optimal methods for prevention of legionellosis are not known, and source of most sporadic cases is unknown.
Legionnaires Disease Resource: Surface display of a massively variable lipoprotein by a Legionella diversity-generating retroelement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2013 Apr 30. [Epub ahead of print[Evaluation of a Legionella outbreak emerged in a recently opening hotel]. Mikrobiyol Bul . 2013 Apr;47(2):240-9. Turkish.The presentation of a transient hyperintense lesion with legionnaires disease in a patient, is it a coincidance or an incidental finding? Ideggyogy Sz . 2013 Jan 30;66(1-2):63-6Close genetic relationship between Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates from sputum specimens and puddles on roads by sequence-based typing. Appl Environ Microbiol . 2013 Apr 19. [Epub ahead of printComparative molecular and antibody typing during the investigation of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease . J Infect Chemother . 2013 Apr 10. [Epub ahead of printTargeting of the small GTPase Rab6A' by the Legionella pneumophila effector LidA. Infect Immun . 2013 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of printHigh prevalence, genetic diversity and intracellular growth ability of legionella in hot spring environments. PLoS One . 2013;8(3):e59018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059018. Epub 2013 Mar 18Actions for prevention and control of health threats related to maritime transport in European Union. Travel Med Infect Dis . 2013 Mar 18. doi:pii: S1477-8939(13)00010-0. 10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.02.001. [Epub ahead of printLegionnaires disease in Europe, 2009-2010.Legionnaires' Disease Surveillance Network.Euro Surveill . 2013 Mar 7;18(10):20417Immunomagnetic purification of fluorescent Legionella-containing vacuoles. Methods Mol Biol . 2013;983:431-43. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-302-2_24A case-association cluster detection and visualisation tool with an application to Legionnaires' disease . Stat Med . 2013 Mar 11. doi: 10.1002/sim.5765. [Epub ahead of printThe CRISPR-associated gene cas2 of Legionella pneumophila is required for intracellular infection of amoebae. MBio . 2013 Mar 12;4(2):e00074-13. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00074-13Legionnaires' disease in France: sensitivity of the mandatory notification has improved over the last decade.Epidemiol Infect . 2013 Mar 12:1-6. [Epub ahead of printA culture-proven case of community-acquired legionella pneumonia apparently classified as nosocomial: diagnostic and public health implications. Case Rep Med . 2013;2013:303712. doi: 10.1155/2013/303712. Epub 2013 Feb 11Meteorological factors and risk of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease in Switzerland: an epidemiological study. BMJ Open . 2013 Mar 5;3(3). doi:pii: e002428. 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002428. Print 2013Legionella and non-Legionella bacteria in a biological treatment plant. Can J Microbiol . 2013 Feb;59(2):102-9. doi: 10.1139/cjm-2012-0166. Epub 2012 Nov 26Legionella prevention in the Netherlands: an evaluation using genotype distribution. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis . 2013 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of printA bacterial protein promotes the recognition of the Legionella pneumophila vacuole by autophagy. Eur J Immunol . 2013 Apr;43(5):1333-44. doi: 10.1002/eji.201242835. Epub 2013 Apr 8Legionella pneumophila Transcriptional Response following Exposure to CuO Nanoparticles. Appl Environ Microbiol . 2013 Apr;79(8):2713-20. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03462-12. Epub 2013 Feb 15Is Venice an ideal habitat for Legionella pneumophila? J Prev Med Hyg . 2012 Sep;53(3):152-6First
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