Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a serious disease caused by a virus that attacks the liver. The virus, which is called hepatitis B virus (HBV), can cause lifelong infection, cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. Transmission occurs when blood or body fluids from an infected person enter the body of a person who is not immune.

Occurrence:

• Africa
• South America
• Eastern Europe
• South-East-Asia
• China
• Pacific (not Australia and New Zealand)

Destinations with hepatitis B

About 5% to 10% of the population in these destinations is chronically infected by hepatitis B.

Manifestations: About 30% of persons have no signs or symptoms. 
Signs and symptoms are less common in children than adults. Symptoms are:

• Jaundice
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea, vomiting 
• Joint pain

Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is demonstrated by blood test. Treatment in the acute infection is not recommended, there is in most cases spontaneously recovery. Alpha interferon and lamivudine are two drugs licensed for the treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B. These drugs are effective in up to 40% of patients. Vaccine is effective in prevention of infection. Immune Globulin gives protection on a short-term.

Prevent hepatitis B by:

• Hepatitis B vaccine is the best protection.
• If you are having sex, but not with one steady partner, use latex condoms correctly and every time you have sex. The efficacy of latex condoms in preventing infection with HBV is unknown, but their proper use may reduce transmission.
• Do not shoot drugs; if you shoot drugs, stop and get into a treatment program; if you can't stop, never share needles, syringes, water, or "works", and get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B.
• Do not share personal care items that might have blood on them (razors, toothbrushes).
• Consider the risks if you are thinking about getting a tattoo or body piercing. You might get infected if the tools have someone else's blood on them or if the artist or piercer does not follow good health practices.

Hepatitis B Resource:

Hepatitis B virus X protein up-regulates tumor necrosis factor-α expression in cultured mesangial cells via ERKs and NF-κB pathways.
Lu HZ, Zhou JH, Pongsavee M.
Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013 Mar;3(3):217-22. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60053-2
Virological response to entecavir reduces the risk of liver disease progression in nucleos(t)ide analogue-experienced HBV-infected patients with prior resistant mutants.
Yang SC, Lee CM, Hu TH, Wang JH, Lu SN, Hung CH, Changchien CS, Chen CH.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print
Promyelocytic leukemia protein links DNA damage response and repair to hepatitis B virus related hepatocarcinogenesis.
Chung YL, Wu ML.
J Pathol. 2013 Apr 5. doi: 10.1002/path.4195. [Epub ahead of print
Decreased serum total T3 level in hepatitis B and C related cirrhosis by severity of liver damage.
Kabir A.
Ann Hepatol. 2013 May-Jun;12(3):506-7. No abstract available.
Hepatic carcinosarcoma: clinicopathologic features and a review of the literature.
Yang-Sheng L, Tao-Yeuan W, Jiunn-Chang L, Horng-Yuan W, Kuei-Fang C, Shou-Chuan S, Ming-Jen C.
Ann Hepatol. 2013 May-Jun;12(3):495-500
Differential expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and HBx enhances hepatitis B virus replication and augments host immune cytokines and chemokines.
Almajhdi FN, Al-Qudari AY, Hussain Z.
Ann Hepatol. 2013 May-Jun;12(3):408-15
Patient adherence to antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B and C: a systematic review.
Lieveld FI, van Vlerken LG, Siersema PD, van Erpecum KJ.
Ann Hepatol. 2013 May-Jun;12(3):380-91
The efficacy and safety of nucleos(t)ide analogues in the treatment of HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a meta-analysis.
Yu S, Jianqin H, Wei W, Jianrong H, Yida Y, Jifang S, Liang Y, Zhi C, Hongyu J.
Ann Hepatol. 2013 May-Jun;12(3):364-72
[In Process Citation].
Krähenbühl S.
Ther Umsch. 2013 May;70(5):284-8. doi: 10.1024/0040-5930/a000404. German.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection among patients attending serology laboratory of Gondar University Hospital.
Tesfa H, Biadgo B, Getachew F, Tegegne K, Yismaw G, Muluye D.
BMC Res Notes. 2013 Apr 25;6(1):164. [Epub ahead of print
On-time Vaccination Coverage in Premature Infants in Ontario, 2002-2009.
Wilson K, Hawken S, Holdt Henningsen K, Kwong JC, Deeks SL, Crowcroft NS, Law B, Manuel DG.
Can J Public Health. 2012 Jul 18;103(5):e359-62
Efficacy of high-dose corticosteroid in the early stage of viral acute liver failure.
Fujiwara K, Yasui S, Yonemitsu Y, Mikata R, Arai M, Kanda T, Imazeki F, Oda S, Yokosuka O.
Hepatol Res. 2013 Apr 26. doi: 10.1111/hepr.12148. [Epub ahead of print
Therapeutic potential of furin inhibitors for the chronic infection of hepatitis B virus.
Pang YJ, Tan XJ, Li DM, Zheng ZH, Lei RX, Peng XM.
Liver Int. 2013 Apr 4. doi: 10.1111/liv.12185. [Epub ahead of print
Body Weight May Not Be Sufficient for Reliable Estimation of Subcutaneous Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Dose Requirement.
Beckebaum S, Iacob S, Radtke A, Kabar I, Cicinnati VR.
Am J Transplant. 2013 Apr 25. doi: 10.1111/ajt.12247. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
Immunizatiion history of children with inflammatory bowel disease.
Soon IS, Debruyn JC, Wrobel I.
Can J Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr;27(4):213-6
Increasing Hepatitis C Knowledge Among Homeless Adults: Results of a Community-Based, Interdisciplinary Intervention.
Tyler D, Nyamathi A, Stein JA, Koniak-Griffin D, Hodge F, Gelberg L.
J Behav Health Serv Res. 2013 Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print
Dynamics of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus strains in patients with entecavir rescue therapy.
Deng XL, Li QL, Guo JJ.
Virus Genes. 2013 Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print
Lack of correlation between the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and survival after surgical resection for hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.
Nishikawa H, Arimoto A, Wakasa T, Kita R, Kimura T, Osaki Y.
Oncol Rep. 2013 Apr 24. doi: 10.3892/or.2013.2422. [Epub ahead of print
Contributing factors to colorectal cancer and hepatitis B screening among vietnamese americans.
Nguyen-Truong CK, Lee-Lin F, Gedaly-Duff V.
Oncol Nurs Forum. 2013 May 1;40(3):238-51. doi: 10.1188/13.ONF.238-251
Extended treatment with peginterferon α-2a in combination with lamivudine or adefovir for 96 weeks yields high rates of HBeAg and HBsAg seroconversion.
Cao ZH, Ma LN, Zhang HW, Liu YL, Chen XY.
J Dig Dis. 2013 Apr 25. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12065. [Epub ahead of print
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