Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis is an acute virus disease. The disease is transmitted by the bite of the mosquito. It is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia with 30-50,000 cases reported annually.

Occurrence: Epidemics occur in:

• China
• South East Asia
• Indonesia
• Nepal
• India
• Sri Lanka

See map

Manifestations: After incubation period for usually 5 to 15 day’s symptoms occurs as:

Mild infections occur without apparent symptoms other than

• Fever
• Headache

More severe infection is marked by:

• Quick onset
• Headache
• High fever
• Neck stiffness
• Stupor
• Disorientation
• Coma
• Tremors
• Convulsions (especially in infants)
• Spastic paralysis
• Death in more than 10 % and serious neurologic sequels in 30%

Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is verified by demonstrating of virus. Treatment is not available.

Vaccine is effective.

Prevent Japanese encephalitis by:

• Vaccination
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in well screened areas
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in air-conditioned areas.
• Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing
• Bring aerosol insecticides to use indoors
• Use bednets.

Japanese Encephalitis Resource:

Purification of anti-Japanese encephalitis virus monoclonal antibody by ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography without proteins a and g.
Saito M, Kurosawa Y, Okuyama T.
Hybridoma (Larchmt). 2012 Feb;31(1):68-71
Feasibility of cross-protective vaccination against flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex.
Lobigs M, Diamond MS.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012 Feb;11(2):177-87
Superior immunogenicity of a freeze-dried, cell culture-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine (inactivated).
Kikukawa A, Gomi Y, Akechi M, Onishi T, Manabe S, Namazue J, Fuke I, Ishikawa T, Okuno Y, Ueda S.
Vaccine. 2012 Jan 31. [Epub ahead of print
Flavivirus infection induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in human monocyte-derived macrophages via tumor necrosis factor and NF-κB.
Yeung AW, Wu W, Freewan M, Stocker R, King NJ, Thomas SR.
J Leukoc Biol. 2012 Feb 1. [Epub ahead of print
Effect of the methyltransferase domain of Japanese encephalitis virus NS5 on the polymerase activity.
Wang Q, Weng L, Tian X, Counor D, Sun J, Mao Y, Deubel V, Okada H, Toyoda T.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012 Jan 21. [Epub ahead of print
Chimeric classical swine fever (CSF)-Japanese encephalitis (JE) viral replicon as a non-transmissible vaccine candidate against CSF and JE infections.
Yang Z, Wu R, Li RW, Li L, Xiong Z, Zhao H, Guo D, Pan Z.
Virus Res. 2012 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print
Development and Applications of VSV Vectors Based on Cell Tropism.
Tani H, Morikawa S, Matsuura Y.
Front Microbiol. 2011;2:272. Epub 2012 Jan 18
TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism: A factor contributing to the different immunological and clinical phenotypes in Japanese encephalitis.
Pujhari SK, Ratho RK, Prabhakar S, Mishra B, Modi M.
BMC Infect Dis. 2012 Jan 26;12(1):23. [Epub ahead of print
Anti- Japanese-Encephalitis-Viral Effects of Kaempferol and Daidzin and Their RNA-Binding Characteristics.
Zhang T, Wu Z, Du J, Hu Y, Liu L, Yang F, Jin Q.
PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30259. Epub 2012 Jan 20
[Molecular characteristics of the full-length genomes of Japanese encephalitis virus strains newly isolated in 2009, China].
Yang DJ, Li MH, Fu SH, Zhang HL, Liang GD.
Bing Du Xue Bao. 2011 Nov;27(6):571-9. Chinese.
Detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with novel leaky surface acoustic wave biosensors, DNA ligation and enzymatic signal amplification.
Xu Q, Chang K, Lu W, Chen W, Ding Y, Jia S, Zhang K, Li F, Shi J, Cao L, Deng S, Chen M.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2011 Dec 27. [Epub ahead of print
Japanese encephalitis virus induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via a ROS/c-Src/PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/MAPKs-dependent AP-1 pathway in rat brain astrocytes.
Yang CM, Lin CC, Lee IT, Lin YH, Yang CM, Chen WJ, Jou MJ, Hsiao LD.
J Neuroinflammation. 2012 Jan 18;9(1):12. [Epub ahead of print
Japanese encephalitis virus in culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected at Daeseongdong, a village in the demilitarized zone of the Republic of Korea.
Kim HC, Klein TA, Takhampunya R, Evans BP, Mingmongkolchai S, Kengluecha A, Grieco J, Masuoka P, Kim MS, Chong ST, Lee JK, Lee WJ.
J Med Entomol. 2011 Nov;48(6):1250-6
Enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis and Japanese encephalitis can be distinguished by topographic distribution of inflammation and specific intraneuronal detection of viral antigen and RNA.
Wong KT, Ng KY, Ong KC, Ng WF, Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Radotra B, Su IJ, Lau G, Ling AE, Chan KP, Macorelles P, Vallet S, Cardosa MJ, Desai A, Ravi V, Nagata N, Shimizu H, Nagata N.
Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2012 Jan 11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01247.x. [Epub ahead of print
Etiology of acute, non-malaria, febrile illnesses in jayapura, northeastern papua, indonesia.
Punjabi NH, Taylor WR, Murphy GS, Purwaningsih S, Picarima H, Sisson J, Olson JG, Baso S, Wangsasaputra F, Lesmana M, Oyofo BA, Simanjuntak CH, Subekti D, Corwin AL, Richie TL.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;86(1):46-51
De novo identification of viral pathogens from cell culture hologenomes.
Patowary A, Chauhan RK, Singh M, Vellarikkal SK, Periwal V, P KK, Sapkal GN, Bondre VP, Gore MM, Sivasubbu S, Scaria V.
BMC Res Notes. 2012 Jan 6;5(1):11. [Epub ahead of print
[A Case of Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis Associated with Malignant Lymphoma Presenting with a Late-onset Bilateral Thalamic Lesion].
Kanemitsu M, Ueno H, Naito K, Sekine M, Ohshita T, Nakamura T, Yamawaki T, Matsumoto M.
Brain Nerve. 2012 Jan;64(1):71-7. Japanese.
Development and application of an antigen capture ELISA assay for diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus in swine, human and mosquito.
Mei L, Wu P, Ye J, Gao G, Shao L, Huang S, Li Y, Yang X, Chen H, Cao S.
Virol J. 2012 Jan 6;9:4
A Diagnostic Algorithm to Serologically Differentiate West Nile Virus from Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infections and Its Validation in Field Surveillance of Poultry and Horses.
Yeh JY, Lee JH, Park JY, Seo HJ, Moon JS, Cho IS, Kim HP, Yang YJ, Ahn KM, Kyung SG, Choi IS, Lee JB.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012 Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print
No evidence of murine leukemia virus-related viruses in live attenuated human vaccines.
Switzer WM, Zheng H, Simmons G, Zhou Y, Tang S, Shankar A, Kapusinszky B, Delwart EL, Heneine W.
PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e29223. Epub 2011 Dec 22
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