Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis is an acute virus disease. The disease is transmitted by the bite of the mosquito. It is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia with 30-50,000 cases reported annually.

Occurrence: Epidemics occur in:

• China
• South East Asia
• Indonesia
• Nepal
• India
• Sri Lanka

See map

Manifestations: After incubation period for usually 5 to 15 day’s symptoms occurs as:

Mild infections occur without apparent symptoms other than

• Fever
• Headache

More severe infection is marked by:

• Quick onset
• Headache
• High fever
• Neck stiffness
• Stupor
• Disorientation
• Coma
• Tremors
• Convulsions (especially in infants)
• Spastic paralysis
• Death in more than 10 % and serious neurologic sequels in 30%

Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is verified by demonstrating of virus. Treatment is not available.

Vaccine is effective.

Prevent Japanese encephalitis by:

• Vaccination
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in well screened areas
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in air-conditioned areas.
• Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing
• Bring aerosol insecticides to use indoors
• Use bednets.

Japanese Encephalitis Resource:

Seasonal abundance and potential of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes at the nesting colony of ardeid birds, Thailand.
Changbunjong T, Weluwanarak T, Taowan N, Suksai P, Chamsai T, Sedwisai P, Son W Dvm Phd.
Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013 Mar;3(3):207-210
The estimated mortality impact of vaccinations forecast to be administered during 2011-2020 in 73 countries supported by the GAVI Alliance.
Lee LA, Franzel L, Atwell J, Datta SD, Friberg IK, Goldie SJ, Reef SE, Schwalbe N, Simons E, Strebel PM, Sweet S, Suraratdecha C, Tam Y, Vynnycky E, Walker N, Walker DG, Hansen PM.
Vaccine. 2013 Apr 18;31 Suppl 2:B61-72. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.035
Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network: Doing good by making high-quality vaccines affordable for all.
Pagliusi S, Leite LC, Datla M, Makhoana M, Gao Y, Suhardono M, Jadhav S, Harshavardhan GV, Homma A.
Vaccine. 2013 Apr 18;31 Suppl 2:B176-83. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.060
Mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion in children.
Liptai Z, Ivády B, Barsi P, Várallyay G, Rudas G, Fogarasi A.
Ideggyogy Sz. 2013 Jan 30;66(1-2):67-71
The history of vaccination and current vaccination policies in Korea.
Cha SH.
Clin Exp Vaccine Res. 2012 Jul;1(1):3-8. doi: 10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.3. Epub 2012 Jul 31
West Nile virus in Europe: emergence, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Sambri V, Capobianchi M, Charrel R, Fyodorova M, Gaibani P, Gould E, Niedrig M, Papa A, Pierro A, Rossini G, Varani S, Vocale C, Landini MP.
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013 Mar 14. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12211. [Epub ahead of print
[An 8-year-old boy with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, successfully treated with cyclophosphamide].
Mitani T, Ohtsuka Y, Yamamoto K, Watanabe Y, Tsuji M, Samejima K, Aida N, Sato T, Wada T, Osaka H.
No To Hattatsu. 2013 Jan;45(1):53-7. Japanese.
Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Pigs and Mosquito Vectors within Can Tho City, Vietnam.
Lindahl JF, StĂĄhl K, Chirico J, Boqvist S, Thu HT, Magnusson U.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Apr 4;7(4):e2153. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002153. Print 2013 Apr
A prospective study of the causes of febrile illness requiring hospitalization in children in cambodia.
Chheng K, Carter MJ, Emary K, Chanpheaktra N, Moore CE, Stoesser N, Putchhat H, Sona S, Reaksmey S, Kitsutani P, Sar B, van Doorn HR, Uyen NH, Van Tan L, Paris D, Blacksell SD, Amornchai P, Wuthiekanun V, Parry CM, Day NP, Kumar V.
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 9;8(4):e60634. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060634. Print 2013
Emerging viral infections.
Wilson MR.
Curr Opin Neurol. 2013 Apr 15. [Epub ahead of print
A bio-nanocapsule containing envelope (E) protein domain III of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) protects mice against lethal JEV infection.
Miyata T, Tafuku S, Harakuni T, Tadano M, Yoshimoto N, Iijima M, Matsuo H, Matsuzaki G, Kuroda S, Arakawa T.
Microbiol Immunol. 2013 Apr 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.12055. [Epub ahead of print
Genetic Diversity of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Isolates Obtained from the Indonesian Archipelago Between 1974 and 1987.
Schuh AJ, Guzman H, Tesh RB, Barrett AD.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013 Apr 16. [Epub ahead of print
Acute transverse myelitis (ascending myelitis) as the initial manifestation of Japanese encephalitis: a rare presentation.
Ankur Nandan V, Nilesh K, Dibyaranjan B, Ashutosh T, Ravi A, Arvind A.
Case Rep Infect Dis. 2013;2013:487659. doi: 10.1155/2013/487659. Epub 2013 Mar 25
Low risk of Japanese encephalitis in short-term Australian travelers to Asia.
Ratnam I, Leder K, Black J, Biggs BA, Matchett E, Padiglione A, Woolley I, Panagiotidis T, Gherardin T, Luxemburger C, Torresi J.
J Travel Med. 2013 May;20(3):206-8. doi: 10.1111/jtm.12019. Epub 2013 Mar 8
A Survey of US Travelers to Asia to Assess Compliance With Recommendations for the Use of Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine.
Duffy MR, Reed C, Edelson PJ, Blumensaadt S, Crocker K, Griggs A, Biggerstaff BJ, Delorey MJ, Hayes EB, Fischer M.
J Travel Med. 2013 May;20(3):165-70. doi: 10.1111/jtm.12020. Epub 2013 Mar 8
[Non-motor Symptoms in Myasthenia Gravis: Attributed to T-cell Clones from Thymoma].
Suzuki S.
Brain Nerve. 2013 Apr;65(4):477-83. Japanese.
[VGKC-Complex Antibodies].
Watanabe O.
Brain Nerve. 2013 Apr;65(4):401-11. Japanese.
[Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome and autoantibodies].
Hayashi Y, Inuzuka T.
Brain Nerve. 2013 Apr;65(4):385-93. Japanese.
[Anti-Basal Ganglia antibody].
Hayashi M.
Brain Nerve. 2013 Apr;65(4):377-84. Japanese.
[Hashimoto's Encephalopathy and Autoantibodies].
Yoneda M.
Brain Nerve. 2013 Apr;65(4):365-76. Japanese.
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