Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis is an acute virus disease. The disease is transmitted by the bite of the mosquito. It is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia with 30-50,000 cases reported annually.

Occurrence: Epidemics occur in:

• China
• South East Asia
• Indonesia
• Nepal
• India
• Sri Lanka

See map

Manifestations: After incubation period for usually 5 to 15 day’s symptoms occurs as:

Mild infections occur without apparent symptoms other than

• Fever
• Headache

More severe infection is marked by:

• Quick onset
• Headache
• High fever
• Neck stiffness
• Stupor
• Disorientation
• Coma
• Tremors
• Convulsions (especially in infants)
• Spastic paralysis
• Death in more than 10 % and serious neurologic sequels in 30%

Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is verified by demonstrating of virus. Treatment is not available.

Vaccine is effective.

Prevent Japanese encephalitis by:

• Vaccination
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in well screened areas
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in air-conditioned areas.
• Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing
• Bring aerosol insecticides to use indoors
• Use bednets.

Japanese Encephalitis Resource:

Basic medical advice for travelers to high altitudes.
Schommer K, Bärtsch P.
Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011 Dec;108(49):839-47; quiz 848. Epub 2011 Dec 9
Epidemiology of imported cutaneous leishmaniasis at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom: use of polymerase chain reaction to identify the species.
Wall EC, Watson J, Armstrong M, Chiodini PL, Lockwood DN.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;86(1):115-8
Characteristics and spectrum of disease among ill returned travelers from pre- and post-earthquake Haiti: The GeoSentinel experience.
Esposito DH, Han PV, Kozarsky PE, Walker PF, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Barnett ED, Libman M, McCarthy AE, Field V, Connor BA, Schwartz E, MacDonald S, Sotir MJ; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;86(1):23-8
A cluster of dengue cases in American missionaries returning from Haiti, 2010.
Sharp TM, Pillai P, Hunsperger E, Santiago GA, Anderson T, Vap T, Collinson J, Buss BF, Safranek TJ, Sotir MJ, Jentes ES, Munoz-Jordan JL, Arguello DF.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;86(1):16-22
The increase of imported malaria acquired in Haiti among US travelers in 2010.
Agarwal A, McMorrow M, Arguin PM.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;86(1):9-10
Perspectives on Haiti two years after the earthquake.
Brown C, Ripp J, Kazura J.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;86(1):5-6. No abstract available.
Investigating the feasibility of promoting and sustaining delivery of cardiac rehabilitation in a rural community.
Courtney-Pratt H, Johnson C, Cameron-Tucker H, Sanderson S.
Rural Remote Health. 2012;12:1838. Epub 2012 Jan 2
Predictors of travel-related hepatitis A and B among native adult Danes: a nationwide case-control study.
Nielsen US, Thomsen RW, Cowan S, Larsen CS, Petersen E.
J Infect. 2012 Apr;64(4):399-408. Epub 2011 Dec 23
Reflex principles of immunological homeostasis.
Andersson U, Tracey KJ.
Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:313-35. Epub 2012 Jan 6
In-Flight Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of the Lung.
Madan K, Vishwanath G, Singh N.
Respiration. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print
Leptospirosis in a French traveler returning from Mauritius.
Simon F, Morand G, Roche C, Coton T, Kraemer P, Fournier PE, Gautret P.
J Travel Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;19(1):69-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00573.x. Epub 2011 Dec 8
Imported pulmonary histoplasmosis in three French cavers after a trip to Cuba.
Sénéchal A, Ferry T, Boibieux A, Brion JP, Epaulard O, Chidiac C, Peyramond D.
J Travel Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;19(1):64-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00581.x. Epub 2011 Dec 8
Human African trypanosomiasis in non-endemic countries (2000-2010).
Simarro PP, Franco JR, Cecchi G, Paone M, Diarra A, Ruiz Postigo JA, Jannin JG.
J Travel Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;19(1):44-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00576.x. Epub 2011 Dec 8
Trends in knowledge, attitudes, and practices of travel risk groups toward prevention of hepatitis a: results from the Dutch Schiphol Airport survey 2002 to 2009.
van Genderen PJ, van Thiel PP, Mulder PG, Overbosch D; Dutch Schiphol Airport Study Group.
J Travel Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;19(1):35-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00578.x. Epub 2011 Dec 8
Latitudinal patterns of travel among returned travelers with influenza: results from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network, 1997-2007.
Boggild AK, Castelli F, Gautret P, Torresi J, von Sonnenburg F, Barnett ED, Greenaway CA, Lim PL, Schwartz E, Wilder-Smith A, Wilson ME; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network.
J Travel Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;19(1):4-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00579.x. Epub 2011 Dec 8
Travel health: safety and preparation strategies for clinicians.
Jenks NP.
Nurse Pract. 2012 Jan 19;37(1):1-7. Review
[Two travellers suffering from typhus].
Tan L, Beersma TM, van Beek Y, van Genderen PJ.
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2011;155(52):A3845. Dutch.
Optimization of Peptide-based ELISA for serological diagnostics: a retrospective study of human monkeypox infection.
Dubois ME, Hammarlund E, Slifka MK.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012 May;12(5):400-9. Epub 2012 Jan 4
Rubella contact tracing associated with air travel.
Kim C, Chavez P, Pierce A, Murray A, Sander M, Kenyon C, Sharangpani R, Abernathy E, Icenogle J, Kutty PK, Redd SB, Gallagher K, Neatherlin J, Marienau K.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2012 Jan;10(1):48-51. Epub 2011 Dec 31
Preparation and medical outcomes of Nepalese staff and porters compared with foreign nationals on the Annapurna trekking circuit.
Drew CM, Colleran S, Zijp M, Lama LP, Sherpa NJ, Kelly JL, Sulzbach N, Prior D, Currin SA, Currin S, Nickol AH, Morrell MJ.
High Alt Med Biol. 2011 Winter;12(4):349-56
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