Japanese Encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis is an acute virus disease. The disease is transmitted by the bite of the mosquito. It is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia with 30-50,000 cases reported annually.

Occurrence: Epidemics occur in:

• China
• South East Asia
• Indonesia
• Nepal
• India
• Sri Lanka

See map

Manifestations: After incubation period for usually 5 to 15 day’s symptoms occurs as:

Mild infections occur without apparent symptoms other than

• Fever
• Headache

More severe infection is marked by:

• Quick onset
• Headache
• High fever
• Neck stiffness
• Stupor
• Disorientation
• Coma
• Tremors
• Convulsions (especially in infants)
• Spastic paralysis
• Death in more than 10 % and serious neurologic sequels in 30%

Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is verified by demonstrating of virus. Treatment is not available.

Vaccine is effective.

Prevent Japanese encephalitis by:

• Vaccination
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in well screened areas
• Avoid mosquito bites by remaining in air-conditioned areas.
• Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing
• Bring aerosol insecticides to use indoors
• Use bednets.

Japanese Encephalitis Resource:

Review of the risks and benefits of yellow fever vaccination including some new analyses.
Monath TP.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012 Apr;11(4):427-48
A cross-sectional study of pre-travel health-seeking practices among travelers departing Sydney and Bangkok airports.
Heywood AE, Watkins RE, Iamsirithaworn S, Nilvarangkul K, Macintyre CR.
BMC Public Health. 2012 May 2;12(1):321. [Epub ahead of print
Indirect, out-of-pocket and medical costs from influenza-related illness in young children.
Ortega-Sanchez IR, Molinari NA, Fairbrother G, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Griffin MR, Cassedy A, Poehling KA, Bridges C, Staat MA.
Vaccine. 2012 Apr 27. [Epub ahead of print
Pathogenesis and treatment of hepatitis e virus infection.
Wedemeyer H, Pischke S, Manns MP.
Gastroenterology. 2012 May;142(6):1388-1397.e1
Migration and malaria in europe.
Monge-Maillo B, LĂłpez-VĂ©lez R.
Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2012;4(1):e2012014. Epub 2012 Mar 10
Social and geographical factors affecting access to treatment of colorectal cancer: a cancer registry study.
Crawford SM, Sauerzapf V, Haynes R, Forman D, Jones AP.
BMJ Open. 2012 Apr 24;2(2):e000410. Print 2012
Transient facial swellings in a patient with a remote african travel history.
Richardson ET, Luo R, Fink DL, Nutman TB, Geisse JK, Barry M.
J Travel Med. 2012 May;19(3):183-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00612.x
Travel-Associated Illness in Older Adults (>60 y).
Gautret P, Gaudart J, Leder K, Schwartz E, Castelli F, Lim PL, Murphy H, Keystone J, Cramer J, Shaw M, Boddaert J, von Sonnenburg F, Parola P; for the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network.
J Travel Med. 2012 May;19(3):169-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00613.x
Protective Practices and Respiratory Illness Among US Travelers to the 2009 Hajj.
Balaban V, Stauffer WM, Hammad A, Afgarshe M, Abd-Alla M, Ahmed Q, Memish ZA, Saba J, Harton E, Palumbo G, Marano N.
J Travel Med. 2012 May;19(3):163-168. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00602.x
Profile of Travel-Associated Illness in Children, ZĂĽrich, Switzerland.
Hunziker T, Berger C, Staubli G, Tschopp A, Weber R, Nadal D, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P.
J Travel Med. 2012 May;19(3):158-162. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00611.x
Spectrum of imported infectious diseases among children and adolescents returning from the tropics and subtropics.
Herbinger KH, Drerup L, Alberer M, Nothdurft HD, Sonnenburg Fv, Löscher T.
J Travel Med. 2012 May;19(3):150-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00589.x. Epub 2012 Feb 24
Travel-related morbidity in children: a prospective observational study.
van Rijn SF, Driessen G, Overbosch D, van Genderen PJ.
J Travel Med. 2012 May;19(3):144-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00551.x. Epub 2011 Oct 12
A predictive spatial model to quantify the risk of air-travel-associated dengue importation into the United States and europe.
Gardner LM, Fajardo D, Waller ST, Wang O, Sarkar S.
J Trop Med. 2012;2012:103679. Epub 2012 Mar 14
Paediatric international travellers from Greece: Characteristics and pre-travel recommendations.
Maltezou HC, Pavli A, Spilioti A, Katerelos P, Theodoridou M.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2012 Apr 19. [Epub ahead of print
Air travel for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case report.
Tsiligianni IG, van der Molen T, Siafakas NM, Tzanakis NE.
Br J Gen Pract. 2012 Feb;62(595):107-8. No abstract available.
Health Supervision in the Management of Children and Adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease - recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN).
Rufo PA, Denson LA, Sylvester FA, Szigethy E, Sathya P, Lu Y, Wahbeh GT, Sena LM, Faubion WA.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Apr 18. [Epub ahead of print
Shortest Loops are Pacemakers in Random Networks of Electrically Coupled Axons.
Vladimirov N, Tu Y, Traub RD.
Front Comput Neurosci. 2012;6:17. Epub 2012 Apr 3
High incidence of Campylobacter concisus in gastroenteritis in North Jutland, Denmark: a population-based study.
Nielsen HL, Ejlertsen T, Engberg J, Nielsen H.
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 Mar 27. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03852.x. [Epub ahead of print
[Emerging viral diseases in Europe].
Löbermann M, Gürtler LG, Eichler-Löbermann B, Reisinger EC.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2012 Apr;137(17):900-5. Epub 2012 Apr 17. German.
PET/CT and contrast enhanced CT in single vs. two separate sessions: a cost analysis study.
Picchio M, Mansueto M, Crivellaro C, Guerra L, Marcelli S, Arosio M, Sironi S, Gianolli L, Grimaldi A, Messa C.
Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print
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