Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated disease caused by Corynebacterium Diphtheria

The disease is raising in Eastern Europe and in the developing countries. It is transmitted from person to person.

Manifestations: The most common site for infection is tonsils and the pharynx. Early symptoms are:

• Malaise
• Sore throat
• Anorexia
• Fever
• Hoarseness
• Barking cough
• Membrane forms and extends to cover the tonsils and the soft palate.
• Extensive membrane formation may result in respiratory obstruction

Diagnose and treatment: Bacteria are demonstrated in the pharyngeal area. Treatment with antibiotics is available with good results.

Vaccination: Vaccine is effective.

Prevent Diphtheria by:

• Vaccination

Diphtheria Resource:

13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Given with Meningococcal C Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate and Other Routine Pediatric Vaccinations: Immunogenicity and Safety.
Martinón-Torres F, Gimenez-Sanchez F, Gurtman A, Bernaola E, Diez-Domingo J, Carmona A, Sidhu M, Sarkozy DA, Gruber WC, Emini EA, Scott DA.
Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Feb 1. [Epub ahead of print
Adult vaccination coverage - United States, 2010.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Feb 3;61:66-72
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the metalloregulatory protein DtxR from Thermoplasma acidophilum.
Yeo HK, Kang J, Park YW, Sung JS, Lee JY.
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):172-4. Epub 2012 Jan 26
Measurement of antibodies to pneumococcal, meningococcal and haemophilus polysaccharides, and tetanus and diphtheria toxoids using a 19-plexed assay.
Whitelegg AM, Birtwistle J, Richter A, Campbell JP, Turner JE, Ahmed TM, Giles LJ, Fellows M, Plant T, Ferraro AJ, Cobbold M, Drayson MT, Maclennan CA.
J Immunol Methods. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print
The ChrA Response Regulator in Corynebacterium diphtheriae Controls Hemin-Regulated Gene Expression through Binding to the hmuO and hrtAB Promoter Regions.
Burgos JM, Schmitt MP.
J Bacteriol. 2012 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print
[Travellers to South america].
Lloveras SC.
Rev Chilena Infectol. 2011 Dec;28(6):520-8. Epub 2012 Jan 5. Spanish.
Depletion of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury.
Lu L, Faubel S, He Z, Andres Hernando A, Jani A, Kedl R, Edelstein CL.
Am J Nephrol. 2012 Jan 25;35(2):181-190. [Epub ahead of print
Notes from the field : use of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccine (tdap) in an emergency department - Arizona, 2009-2010.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Jan 27;61:55-6
Implementation of the reaching every district (RED) approach: experience from North Sudan.
Ryman TK, Elsayed EA, Mustafa AA, Widoa NM, Omer A, Kamadjeu R.
East Mediterr Health J. 2011 Nov;17(11):804-12
Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in children exposed to perfluorinated compounds.
Grandjean P, Andersen EW, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Nielsen F, Mølbak K, Weihe P, Heilmann C.
JAMA. 2012 Jan 25;307(4):391-7
One-year post-primary antibody persistence and booster immune response to a DTaP-IPV//PRP~T vaccine (Pentaxim) given at 18 - 19 months of age in South African children primed at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age with the same vaccine.
Madhi SA, Cutland C, Jones S, Groome M, Ortiz E.
S Afr Med J. 2011 Nov 28;101(12):879-83
Towards universal health coverage: the role of within-country wealth-related inequality in 28 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Hosseinpoor AR, Victora CG, Bergen N, Barros AJ, Boerma T.
Bull World Health Organ. 2011 Dec 1;89(12):881-90. Epub 2011 Oct 4
PAI-1 Promotes the Accumulation of Exudate Macrophages and Worsens Pulmonary Fibrosis Following Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell Injury.
Osterholzer JJ, Christensen PJ, Lama V, Horowitz JC, Hattori N, Subbotina N, Cunningham A, Lin Y, Murdock BJ, Morey RE, Olszewski MA, Lawrence DA, Simon RH, Sisson TH.
J Pathol. 2012 Jan 19. doi: 10.1002/path.3992. [Epub ahead of print
Commentary: The evolution of methods to assess the effects of treatments, illustrated by the development of treatments for diphtheria, 1825-1918.
Opinel A, Tröhler U, Gluud C, Gachelin G, Davey Smith G, Podolsky SH, Chalmers I.
Int J Epidemiol. 2011 Dec 5. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
Role of Mast Cells and Basophils in IgE Responses and in Allergic Airway Hyperresponsiveness.
Sawaguchi M, Tanaka S, Nakatani Y, Harada Y, Mukai K, Matsunaga Y, Ishiwata K, Oboki K, Kambayashi T, Watanabe N, Karasuyama H, Nakae S, Inoue H, Kubo M.
J Immunol. 2012 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print
Does the effect of vitamin A supplements depend on vaccination status? An observational study from Guinea-Bissau.
Fisker AB, Aaby P, Bale C, Balde I, Biering-Sørensen S, Agergaard J, Martins C, Bibby BM, Benn CS.
BMJ Open. 2012 Jan 12;2(1):e000448. Print 2012
A need for careful evaluation of endotoxin contents in acellular pertussis-based combination vaccines.
Kataoka M, Ochiai M, Yamamoto A, Horiuchi Y.
Biologicals. 2012 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 67-72p hemagglutinin, characterized as the protein DIP0733, contributes to invasion and induction of apoptosis in HEp-2 cells.
Sabbadini PS, Assis MC, Trost E, Gomes DL, Moreira LO, Dos Santos CS, Pereira GA, Nagao PE, Azevedo VA, Hirata Júnior R, Dos Santos AL, Tauch A, Mattos-Guaraldi AL.
Microb Pathog. 2012 Mar;52(3):165-76. Epub 2012 Jan 5
Combining vitamin a and vaccines: convenience or conflict?
Benn CS.
Dan Med J. 2012 Jan;59(1):B4378
The risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after vaccination in children and adolescents.
O'Leary ST, Glanz JM, McClure DL, Akhtar A, Daley MF, Nakasato C, Baxter R, Davis RL, Izurieta HS, Lieu TA, Ball R.
Pediatrics. 2012 Feb;129(2):248-55. Epub 2012 Jan 9
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