Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated disease caused by Corynebacterium Diphtheria

The disease is raising in Eastern Europe and in the developing countries. It is transmitted from person to person.

Manifestations: The most common site for infection is tonsils and the pharynx. Early symptoms are:

• Malaise
• Sore throat
• Anorexia
• Fever
• Hoarseness
• Barking cough
• Membrane forms and extends to cover the tonsils and the soft palate.
• Extensive membrane formation may result in respiratory obstruction

Diagnose and treatment: Bacteria are demonstrated in the pharyngeal area. Treatment with antibiotics is available with good results.

Vaccination: Vaccine is effective.

Prevent Diphtheria by:

• Vaccination

Diphtheria Resource:

The expression of REG 1A and REG 1B is increased during acute amebic colitis.
Peterson KM, Guo X, Elkahloun AG, Mondal D, Bardhan PK, Sugawara A, Duggal P, Haque R, Petri WA Jr.
Parasitol Int. 2011 Sep;60(3):296-300. Epub 2011 May 6
[Comparison on the different thresholds on the 'moving percentile method' for outbreak detection.]
Sun Q, Lai SJ, Li ZJ, Lan YJ, Zhang HL, Zhao D, Jin LM, Yang WZ.
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2011 May;32(5):450-453. Chinese.
The use of high-resolution ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the clinical diagnosis of Acanthamoeba.
Hauber S, Parkes H, Siddiqui R, Khan NA.
Parasitol Res. 2011 Dec;109(6):1661-9. Epub 2011 May 10
Antiprotozoal compounds: state of the art and new developments.
Astelbauer F, Walochnik J.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011 Aug;38(2):118-24. Epub 2011 May 5. Review
A tile layer's nightmare.
Buonaccorsi JN, Ledeboer NA.
J Clin Microbiol. 2011 May;49(5):1707, 2083. No abstract available.
Involvement of thermoplasmaquinone-7 in transplasma membrane electron transport of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites: a key molecule for future rational chemotherapeutic drug designing.
Nandi N, Bera T, Kumar S, Purkait B, Kumar A, Das P.
J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2011 Apr;43(2):203-15. doi: 10.1007/s10863-011-9347-6. Epub 2011 Apr 27
Area 51: How do Acanthamoeba invade the central nervous system?
Siddiqui R, Emes R, Elsheikha H, Khan NA.
Trends Parasitol. 2011 May;27(5):185-9. Epub 2011 Apr 18
Polysaccharides: a targeting strategy for colonic drug delivery.
Shah N, Shah T, Amin A.
Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2011 Jun;8(6):779-96. doi: 10.1517/17425247.2011.574121. Epub 2011 Apr 21
Weak cytotoxic activity of miltefosine against clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp.
Mrva M, Garajová M, Lukáč M, Ondriska F.
J Parasitol. 2011 Jun;97(3):538-40. Epub 2010 Oct 28
Validation and utilization of PCR for differential diagnosis and prevalence determination of Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar in Salvador City, Brazil.
Santos FL, Gonçalves Mde S, Soares NM.
Braz J Infect Dis. 2011 Mar-Apr;15(2):119-25
Melatonin reduces the severity of experimental amoebiasis.
França-Botelho AC, França JL, Oliveira FM, Franca EL, Honório-França AC, Caliari MV, Gomes MA.
Parasit Vectors. 2011 Apr 18;4:62
Evaluation of DNA extraction kits for molecular diagnosis of human Blastocystis subtypes from fecal samples.
Yoshikawa H, Dogruman-Al F, Turk S, Kustimur S, Balaban N, Sultan N.
Parasitol Res. 2011 Oct;109(4):1045-50. Epub 2011 Apr 16. Erratum in: Parasitol Res. 2012 Feb;110(2):1063. Dogruman-Ai, Funda [corrected to Dogruman-Al, Funda].
A novel ex vivo set-up for dynamic long-term characterization of processes on mucosal interfaces by confocal imaging and simultaneous cytokine measurements.
Wieser A, Guggenberger C, Pritsch M, Heesemann J, Schubert S.
Cell Microbiol. 2011 May;13(5):742-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01573.x. Epub 2011 Mar 24
Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris infection in a gorilla - first case of balamuthiasis in Germany.
Mätz-Rensing K, Kunze M, Zöller M, Roos C, Kiderlen AF, Ludwig C, Kaup FJ.
J Med Primatol. 2011 Dec;40(6):437-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00479.x. Epub 2011 Apr 18
Three cases of amoebic liver abscess causing inferior vena cava obstruction, with a review of the literature.
Sarda AK, Mittal R, Basra BK, Mishra A, Talwar N.
Korean J Hepatol. 2011 Mar;17(1):71-5. doi: 10.3350/kjhep.2011.17.1.71. Review
High prevalence of Entamoeba infections in captive long-tailed macaques in China.
Feng M, Yang B, Yang L, Fu Y, Zhuang Y, Liang L, Xu Q, Cheng X, Tachibana H.
Parasitol Res. 2011 Oct;109(4):1093-7. Epub 2011 Apr 12
A proteomic and cellular analysis of uropods in the pathogen Entamoeba histolytica.
Marquay Markiewicz J, Syan S, Hon CC, Weber C, Faust D, Guillen N.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Apr 5;5(4):e1002
A case of sympathetic ophthalmia after a severe acanthamoeba keratitis.
Guerriero S, Montepara A, Ciracì L, Monno R, Cinquepalmi V, Vetrugno M.
Eye Contact Lens. 2011 Nov;37(6):374-6
[Non-pathogenic intestinal amoebae: a clinical-analytical overview].
Sard BG, Navarro RT, Esteban Sanchis JG.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011 Mar;29 Suppl 3:20-8. Review. Spanish.
Efficacy of antiamebic drugs in a mouse model.
Becker S, Hoffman P, Houpt ER.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Apr;84(4):581-6
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