Cholera

Cholera is an acute, diarrhoea illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes it can be severe.

Occurrence: Cholera occurs primary along the Ganges river and in Bangladesh. Epidemics can spread in other countries.

The transmission is through contaminated water and food.

Manifestations:

The disease is characterised by:

Profuse watery diarrhoea
Vomiting
Leg cramps.
Rapid loss of body fluids
Dehydration
Shock.
Without treatment, death can occur within hours.

Diagnose and treatment: The bacteria can be demonstrated in stools. Cholera can be simply and successfully treated by immediate replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhoea. Patients can be treated with oral rehydration solution, a pre-packaged mixture of sugar and salts to be mixed with water and drunk in large amounts. This solution is used throughout the world to treat diarrhoea. Severe cases also require intravenous fluid replacement. With prompt rehydration, less than 1% of cholera patients die.

Antibiotics shorten the course and diminish the severity of the illness, but they are not as important as rehydration.

Vaccine against cholera is available.

Prevent Cholera by:

Drink only water that you have boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine.
Other safe beverages include tea and coffee made with boiled water and carbonated bottled beverages with no ice.
Eat only foods that have been thoroughly cooked and are still hot
Eat only fruit that you have peeled yourself.
Avoid undercooked or raw fish or shellfish.
Make sure all vegetables are cooked
Avoid salads.
Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors.
Vaccine

Cholera Resource:

Acid-detoxified Inaba lipopolysaccharide (pmLPS) is a superior cholera conjugate vaccine immunogen than hydrazine-detoxified lipopolysaccharide and induces vibriocidal and protective antibodies.

Pathogens Dis

Interlaboratory evaluation of a cow's milk allergy mouse model to assess the allergenicity of hydrolysed cow's milk based infant formulas.

Toxicol Lett

Time series analysis of cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh, during 1988-2001.

J Health Popul Nutr

Crofelemer, a novel antisecretory agent approved for the treatment of HIV-associated diarrhea.

Drugs Today (Barc)

Integration of microsphere resonators with bioassay fluidics for whispering gallery mode imaging.

Analyst

Immunization with a MOMP-Based Vaccine Protects Mice against a Pulmonary Chlamydia Challenge and Identifies a Disconnection between Infection and Pathology.

PLoS One

Review of the inhibition of biological activities of food-related selected toxins by natural compounds.

Toxins (Basel)

Burden of respiratory tract infections among paediatric in and out-patient units during 2010-11.

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci

In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Vitex negundo leaf extract against diverse multidrug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens.

Asian Pac J Trop Med

Temporal evaluation of commitment to sexual development in Plasmodium falciparum.

Malar J

Algae-produced cholera toxin-Pfs25 fusion proteins as oral vaccines.

Appl Environ Microbiol

Induction of toxin-specific neutralizing immunity by molecularly uniform rice-based oral cholera toxin B subunit vaccine without plant-associated sugar modification.

Plant Biotechnol J

The Minicommunity Design to Assess Indirect Effects of Vaccination.

Epidemiol Method

Bridging lectin binding sites by multivalent carbohydrates.

Chem Soc Rev

Vaccines today, vaccines tomorrow: a perspective.

Clin Exp Vaccine Res

Role of PTEN in cholera toxin-induced SWO‑38 glioma cell differentiation.

Mol Med Rep

Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Cholera during the First Year of the Epidemic in Haiti.

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

Effects of Polyamines on Vibrio cholerae Virulence Properties.

PLoS One

Analysis of Vibrio cholerae Genome Sequences Reveals Unique rtxA Variants in Environmental Strains and an rtxA-Null Mutation in Recent Altered El Tor Isolates.

MBio

Cholera in Haiti takes a turn for the worse.

Lancet

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