Clonochiasis

Clonochiasis is caused by infektion with the trematode Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese or oriental liver fluke). Infection of humans occurs by ingestion of undercooked, salted, pickled, or smoked freshwater fish. After ingestion the organism ascend the biliary tract. The adult flukes (measuring 10 to 25 mm by 3 to 5 mm) reside in small and medium sized biliary ducts.

Occurrence: Endemic areas are in Asia including Korea, China, Taiwan, and Vietnam

Manifestations: result from inflammation and intermittent obstruction of the biliary ducts.

In the acute phase:

• abdominal pain
• nausea
• diarrhea.

In long-standing infections

• infection of biliary duct and gall bladder;
• gall stones;
• pancreatitis;
• cancer in the liver

Diagnose and treatment: Diagnose is based on microscopic demonstration of eggs in the stool or in duodenal aspirate. The adult fluke can also be recovered at surgery.Treatment with antibiotics are available.

Vaccine: Not available

Prevent Clonochiasis by: Avoid ingestion of undercooked, salted, pickled, or smoked freshwater fish.

Clonochiasis Resource:

Differential induction of immunoregulatory circuits of phagocytic cells by Gal/Gal NAc lectin from pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba.
Sharma M, Bhasin D, Vohra H.
J Clin Immunol. 2008 Sep;28(5):542-57. Epub 2008 Jun 13
Comparison of two immunoassays for detection of Entamoeba histolytica.
Buss S, Kabir M, Petri WA Jr, Haque R.
J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Aug;46(8):2778-9. Epub 2008 Jun 11
Contact lens-related microbial keratitis: recent outbreaks.
Patel A, Hammersmith K.
Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2008 Jul;19(4):302-6. Review
[Human infection due to Bertiella sp (cestode: Anoplocephalidae) in a man originating from Yemen in Algeria].
Achir I, Zaït H, Hamrioui B.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2008 Apr;101(2):107-8. French.
Differences in complement-mediated killing of Entamoeba histolytica between men and women--an explanation for the increased susceptibility of men to invasive amebiasis?
Snow M, Chen M, Guo J, Atkinson J, Stanley SL Jr.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Jun;78(6):922-3
A novel immunoprecipitation strategy identifies a unique functional mimic of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands in the pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi.
Lu B, PereiraPerrin M.
Infect Immun. 2008 Aug;76(8):3530-8. Epub 2008 Jun 9
Beyond the scope of standardization: biofilm and Acanthamoeba contamination.
Mercer K.
PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 2008 Mar-Apr;62(2):82-4. No abstract available.
Detection and surveillance of waterborne protozoan parasites.
Bouzid M, Steverding D, Tyler KM.
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2008 Jun;19(3):302-6. Epub 2008 Jun 2. Review
A possible link between subtype 2 and asymptomatic infections of Blastocystis hominis.
Dogruman-Al F, Dagci H, Yoshikawa H, Kurt O, Demirel M.
Parasitol Res. 2008 Aug;103(3):685-9. Epub 2008 Jun 5
In silico analysis of EST and genomic sequences allowed the prediction of cis-regulatory elements for Entamoeba histolytica mRNA polyadenylation.
Zamorano A, López-Camarillo C, Orozco E, Weber C, Guillen N, Marchat LA.
Comput Biol Chem. 2008 Aug;32(4):256-63. Epub 2008 Apr 12
Intestinal invasion by Entamoeba histolytica.
Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Petri WA Jr.
Subcell Biochem. 2008;47:221-32. No abstract available.
Unexpected postmortem diagnosis of Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis following allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
Pemán J, Jarque I, Frasquet J, Alberola C, Salavert M, Sanz J, Gomila B, Esteban G.
Am J Transplant. 2008 Jul;8(7):1562-6
[Intestinal parasitoses and worm infestations].
[No authors listed]
Z Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;46(4):388. German. No abstract available.
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis--Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 May 30;57(21):573-7
Medical treatment for combined Fusarium and Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Lin HC, Hsiao CH, Ma DH, Yeh LK, Tan HY, Lin MY, Huang SC.
Acta Ophthalmol. 2009 Mar;87(2):199-203. Epub 2008 May 27
Laparoscopy and transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopy in management of ruptured amebic liver abscess.
Short M, Desai AP.
J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2008 Jun;18(3):473-6
Seroprevalence of Entamoeba histolytica infection in female outpatients at a sexually transmitted disease sentinel clinic in Tokyo, Japan.
Suzuki J, Kobayashi S, Iku I, Murata R, Yanagawa Y, Takeuchi T.
Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008 May;61(3):175-8
Bursera fagaroides, effect of an ethanolic extract on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in vitro and on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica.
Rosas-Arreguín P, Arteaga-Nieto P, Reynoso-Orozco R, Villagómez-Castro JC, Sabanero-López M, Puebla-Pérez AM, Calvo-Méndez C.
Exp Parasitol. 2008 Jul;119(3):398-402. Epub 2008 Apr 12
Amebic colitis can mimic tuberculosis and inflammatory bowel disease on endoscopy and biopsy.
Pai SA.
Int J Surg Pathol. 2009 Apr;17(2):116-21. Epub 2008 May 21
Detection of Blastocystis from stool samples using real-time PCR.
Jones MS 2nd, Ganac RD, Hiser G, Hudson NR, Le A, Whipps CM.
Parasitol Res. 2008 Aug;103(3):551-7. Epub 2008 May 17
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