Sharks
Sharks are the most feared animal in the sea. Globally about 70 persons are attacked each year.These attacks cause the death of between 5 and 15 persons.
Usually, shark attacks cannot be avoided and are considered accidents.
You, as a survivor, should take every precaution to avoid any contact with sharks. There are many shark species, but in general, dangerous sharks have wide mouths and visible teeth, while relatively harmless ones have small mouths on the underside of their heads. However, any shark can inflict painful and often fatal injuries, either through bites or through abrasions from their rough skin. Sharks are cartilaginous fish in the class Elasmobranches. Unlike bony fish, they have 5-7 gill slits on either side of their head. Sharks that have teeth (some are filter feeders) constantly replace teeth - if one falls out, the next one behind it moves in to replace it.
The three species most involved in fatal attacks:
Great white(carcharodon carcharias) Tiger(galeocerdo cuvier ) Bull (carcharhinus leucas ) Suggested swimming precautions:
Avoid swimming in murky waters. Don't swim alone -- stay in groups. Avoid swimming at dawn, dusk, evening, or night. Brightly -colored bathing suits and shiny jewelry may look like bright, shimmering fishes. Don't swim if you are cut and bleeding. If you see a shark, leave the water immediately and calmly. Panicking and thrashing around might look like a struggling fish. If lifeguards or beach officials order swimmers out of the water or close the beaches, comply with their instructions!
Sharks Resource: Phylogenetic analysis and reconfiguration of genera in the cestode order Diphyllidea. Int J Parasitol . 2013 Apr 18. doi:pii: S0020-7519(13)00106-9. 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.03.001. [Epub ahead of printUptake of human pharmaceuticals in bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) inhabiting a wastewater-impacted river. Sci Total Environ . 2013 Apr 16;456-457C:196-201. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.078. [Epub ahead of printTwo new species and a new phyllobothriid cestode genus from sharks of the genus Negaprion Whitley (Carcharhiniformes). Syst Parasitol . 2013 May;85(1):37-48. doi: 10.1007/s11230-013-9411-1. Epub 2013 Apr 18The role of pre-existing disturbances in the effect of marine reserves on coastal ecosystems: a modelling approach. PLoS One . 2013 Apr 12;8(4):e61207. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061207. Print 2013Identification of a novel gig2 gene family specific to non-amniote vertebrates. PLoS One . 2013 Apr 4;8(4):e60588. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060588. Print 2013Environmental Influences on Patterns of Vertical Movement and Site Fidelity of Grey Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) at Aggregation Sites. PLoS One . 2013 Apr 10;8(4):e60331. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060331. Print 2013A Comparison of Linear Demographic Models and Fraction of Lifetime Egg Production for Assessing Sustainability in Sharks . Conserv Biol . 2013 Apr 16. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12053. [Epub ahead of printMicrosatellite Analyses of Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in a Fragmented Environment Show Structured Clusters. PLoS One . 2013 Apr 9;8(4):e61067. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061067. Print 2013White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) Scavenging on Whales and Its Potential Role in Further Shaping the Ecology of an Apex Predator. PLoS One . 2013 Apr 9;8(4):e60797. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060797. Print 2013The caspase-dependent apoptosis gradient in the testis of the blue shark, Prionace glauca. Reproduction . 2013 Mar;145(3):297-310Shark Tooth Weapons from the 19(th) Century Reflect Shifting Baselines in Central Pacific Predator Assemblies. PLoS One . 2013;8(4):e59855. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059855. Epub 2013 Apr 3The complete mitochondrial genome of the dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus. Mitochondrial DNA . 2013 Apr 4. [Epub ahead of printTrophic Interactions and Distribution of Some Squaliforme Sharks , Including New Diet Descriptions for Deania calcea and Squalus acanthias. PLoS One . 2013;8(3):e59938. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059938. Epub 2013 Mar 25A Retrospective Study of Disease in Elasmobranchs. Vet Pathol . 2013 Mar 25. [Epub ahead of printOpportunistic visitors: long-term behavioural response of bull sharks to food provisioning in fiji. PLoS One . 2013;8(3):e58522. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058522. Epub 2013 Mar 13Whale Sharks , Rhincodon typus, Aggregate around Offshore Platforms in Qatari Waters of the Arabian Gulf to Feed on Fish Spawn. PLoS One . 2013;8(3):e58255. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058255. Epub 2013 Mar 13Provisional report on diving-related fatalities in Australian waters 2008. Diving Hyperb Med . 2013 Mar;43(1):16-34Frequency of Multiple Paternity in Gummy Shark, Mustelus antarcticus, and Rig, Mustelus lenticulatus, and the Implications of Mate Encounter Rate, Postcopulatory Influences, and Reproductive Mode. J Hered . 2013 May-Jun;104(3):371-9. doi: 10.1093/jhered/est010. Epub 2013 Mar 15Feeding requirements of white sharks may be higher than originally thought. Sci Rep . 2013;3:1471. doi: 10.1038/srep01471Oxidative stress indicators and trace element concentrations in tissues of mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol . 2013 Mar 14. doi:pii: S1095-6433(13)00065-2. 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.006. [Epub ahead of printFirst
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